HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES UNTIL THE PRESENT DAY HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES UNTIL THE PRESENT DAY BY S. M. DUBNOW TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN BY I. FRIEDLAENDER VOLUME III FROM THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. UNTIL THE PRESENT DAY WITH BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX [Illustration] PHILADELPHIA THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1920 COPYRIGHT, 1920, BY THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA NOTE The present volume, which concludes Dubnow's "History of the Jews in Russia-Poland," contains, in addition to the text, an extensive bibliography and an index to the entire work. In the bibliography an enormous amount of material has been collected, and it is arranged in such a way as to enable the reader to ascertain the sources upon which the author drew. It is thus in the nature of notes, and is therefore arranged according to the chapters of the book. The index, which has been prepared with the utmost care by the translator, is really a synopsis of Jewish history in Russia and Poland, and its usefulness cannot be over-rated. Professor Friedlaender, the translator of this work, who left the United States at the beginning of this year, did not see the proof of the bibliography and index. The tragic news has just reached this country that Professor Friedlaender was murdered under the most revolting circumstances. An eminent scholar and writer has thus been removed from American Jewry, and the entire house of Israel together with the Jewish Publication Society of America, on whose committee Professor Friedlaender served with conspicuous merit for a number of years, mourns this irreparable loss. JULY, 1920. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE XXXI. THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. 1. Continued Policy of Oppression 7 2. The Martyrdom of the Moscow Community 12 3. Restrictions in the Right of Residence 15 4. The Economic Collapse of Russian Jewry 22 5. Professional and Educational Restrictions 26 6. Anti-Semitic Propaganda and Pogroms 31 XXXII. THE NATIONAL AWAKENING.