=Arendar=, name explained, I 93 position of, I 93, 112, 265 f in the Ukraine, I 141 f, 152 maltreated by Poles, I 169 f =Arendator=, see Arendar =Argentina=, emigration of Russian Jews to, II 413, 416 ff, 419 =Arians=, heterodox Christian sect in Poland, I 91, 136, 164 Isaac Troki argues with, I 137 =Aristotle=, studied in Polish yeshibahs, I 120, 126 =Arisu=, Slavonic tribe, I 26 =Armenians=, in Crimea, I 34 in Lemberg, I 53 =Armleder=, persecution of, drives Jews to Poland, I 50 =Army=, Jews volunteer in Polish A., I 152, 293 ff, II 105 f Jews assist Polish A., in defence of country, I 147 f, 154, 293 Jews barred from advancement in Russian A., II 157, 354 number of Jews disproportionately large in Russian A., II 355 ff, 394. promotion of Jews in Russian A., limited to rank of sergeant, II 157 Third Russian Duma proposes exclusion of Jews from, III 155 f See Military Service, Recruits, and Soldiers =Aronovich, Joseph=, Polish-Jewish patriot, I 394 =Artemisia=, name of Jewess in Crimea, I 16 =Arthur=, president of United States, submits to Congress papers relating to Russian Jews, II 294 =Artisans=, Jews form 50% of A., in Poland, I 264 excluded from Christian trade-guilds, I 266 form special estate in Russia, I 308 form part of "burgher class," II 405 encouraged in Jewish Statute of 1804, I 344 opposed by Christian trade-guilds, I 360 exempted from military service, II 20 granted right of residence outside Pale, II 161, 168, 170 fictitious A., in St. Petersburg, II 343 f restricted to products of their own workmanship, II 347 wives of, forbidden to engage in trade, II 385 attempt to withdraw from, right of residence outside Pale, II 399 school for A., closed, II 347 bank for A., opposed, III 25 f expelled from Moscow, II 402, III 14 Baron Hirsch's gift in favor of, declined, II 415 =Asefat Hakamim=, Hebrew magazine, II 223 =Ash, Shalom=, Yiddish novelist and playwright, III 162 =Asher=, rabbi in Cracow, I 104 f =Ashkenasi, Solomon=, Polish court physician, I 132 =Asia, Central=, steppes of, suggested for settlement of Russian Jews, II 285, 306 =Asia Minor=, emigration from, to Black Sea coast, I 13 f, 16 establishment of Jewish state in, advocated, I 412; see also Turkey =Assimilation=, see Polonization and Russification "=Assortment=" (classification), of Jews, decreed by Nicholas I., II 64 ff, 141 ff reflected in manifesto of Alexander II., II 157 =Astrakhan= (city), ancient Khazar capital situated near, I 19 =Astrakhan= (government), mosques destroyed in, I 254 opened to Jewish agriculturists, I 342 villages in, forbidden to Jews, I 343 Jews compared with Kalmycks in, II 367 =Atyeney ("Athenaeum")=, Russian magazine, defends Jews, II 208