=John Casimir= (1648-1668), concludes peace with Khmelnitzki, I 151 permits baptized Jews to return to Judaism, I 151 anxious to compensate Jews for past sufferings, I 158 grants right of free commerce to Jews of Cracow, I 159 grants privileges to other communities, I 159 =John Sobieski= (1674-1696), protects Jews against enemies, I 165 f protects Jews of Vilna, I 166 =Jorjan, Sea of=, see Caspian Sea =Joseph=, king of Khazars, replies to letter of Hasdai Ibn Shaprut, I 25 ff =Joseph II.=, emperor of Austria, engages in "reformatory" experiments, I 262 project of Jewish reforms in Poland influenced by policy of, I 271, 273 Toleration Act of (1782), II 30 =Joseph Israel=, see Benjamin III =Joseph Kalish=, Polish minter, I 42 =Joseph, N. S.=, secretary of Russo-Jewish Committee in London, II 388 =Josephus=, historian, quoted, I 14 f =Joshua Heshel Apter=, see Apter =Jost=, refutes anti-Semitic book of Abbé Chiarini, II 104, quoted, I 390 =Journal De St. Petersbourg=, Russian official organ, refutes charge of pogroms, II 287 f =Jud, Der=, Yiddish weekly in Warsaw, III 59 =Judæophobia=, name for Russian anti-Semitism, II 247 growth of, II 378 ff contrasted with German anti-Semitism, II 6 =Judah Ha-Nasi=, compiler of the Mishnah, II 114 =Judah Hasid=, founds sect in Poland, I 208 f heads pilgrims to Palestine, I 209 dies in Jerusalem, I 210 =Judah Leib=, father of Jacob Frank, I 211 settles with son in Wallachia, I 212 "=Judaizing Heresy=," originated in Novgorod by Zechariah (15th century), I 36 carried to Moscow (1480), I 36 finds adherents at court, I 36 leaders of, burned at stake, I 37 checked, I 37 instills fear of Jews, I 37, 242, 249 spreads in Central Russia (1796), I 401 f severe measures adopted against (1823), I 402 f quoted by Senate as proof of Jewish proselytism, I 404 Reformation in Poland regarded as, I 79 f Christian rationalists in Poland nicknamed "Judaizers," I 136 =Jude, Der=, German-Jewish periodical, published by Riesser, II 219 =Judea=, part of Hellenistic Orient, I 14 Jewish colonies, in, II 375 =Judicial Authority=, see Courts =Jüdisch-Deutsch=, see Yiddish =Jüdische Bibliothek=, Yiddish periodical, edited by I. L. Peretz, III 59. =Jüdische Volksbibliothek=, Yiddish periodical, edited by Shalom Aleichem, III 59 =Jüdischer Verlag=, in Berlin, referred to, III 52 =Jüdisches Volksblatt=, Yiddish weekly in St. Petersburg, III 58 f =Justinian=, emperor of Byzantium, persecutes Jews, I 18 =Jutrzenka= ("The Dawn"), organ of Polish-Jewish assimilationists, II 213