Less rapid was the progress of Jewish scholarly endeavors. Yet, beginning with the eighties, even this domain is marked by an uninterrupted activity which forms a continuation of the scientific achievements of the West. The nineties inaugurate systematic efforts directed toward the elucidation of the history of the Jews in Russia and Poland. A series of scholarly researches, monographs, and general accounts of Jewish history, written mostly in Russian, make their appearance. Particularly noteworthy are the efforts to blaze new paths of Jewish historiography converging towards the national conception of Judaism. The Jewish historians of the nineteenth century in Western Europe, who were swayed by assimilationist ideas, viewed Jewish history primarily from the theological or spiritualistic point of view. The scholarly endeavors of Russian Jewry constitute an attempt to understand the social development of the Diaspora as a peculiar, internally-autonomous nation which, at all times, has sought to preserve not only its religious treasures, but also the genuine complexion of its diversified national life. FOOTNOTES: [17] See vol. II, p. 332. [18] After the publication of his _Judenstaat_, Herzl openly confessed that at the time of writing he did not know of the existence of Pinsker's "Autoemancipation." [19] The motto prefixed to Herzl's Zionistic novel _Altneuland_. [20] It was founded in 1889 and disbanded in 1897. [21] [See vol. II, p. 421 _et seq._] [22] [Ahad Ha'am's report is embodied in the second volume of his collected essays (Berlin, 1903) under the title _Tehiyyat ha-Ru'ah_, "The Spiritual Revival." An English version of this article is found in Leon Simon's translation of Ahad Ha'am's essays (Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia, 1912), p. 253 _et seq._] [23] [A number of articles under that title appeared originally in the Russian-Jewish monthly _Voskhod_. They were subsequently enlarged and published in book form in 1907. The first two "Letters" were rendered into German by the translator of this volume and published in 1905 by the _Jüdischer Verlag_ in Berlin, under the title _Die Grundlagen des Nationaljudentums_.] [24] See later, p. 108 _et seq._ [25] The _ha-Shiloah_ was edited from 1896 to 1902 by Ahad Ha'am in Odessa, though it was published in Berlin. Beginning with 1903, it was edited by Dr. Joseph Klausner, also in Odessa. [26] [_'Abdut be-tok Herut_, the title of one of these articles.] [27] [_Tehiyyat ha-Ru'ah_, the title of another article, based upon his report at the Zionist Convention at Minsk. See above, p. 51.] [28] The first three volumes appeared in 1895-1904. [The fourth volume appeared in 1913. A German rendering of Ahad Ha'am's selected essays by the translator of the present volume was published in Berlin in 1904; a second enlarged edition appeared in 1913. An English translation by Leon Simon was issued by the Jewish Publication Society of America in 1912.]