HISTORY OF THE JEWS HISTORY OF THE JEWS BY PROFESSOR H. GRAETZ VOL. III FROM THE REVOLT AGAINST THE ZENDIK (511 C. E.) TO THE CAPTURE OF ST. JEAN D'ACRE BY THE MAHOMETANS (1291 C. E.) [Illustration] PHILADELPHIA THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA COPYRIGHT, 1894, BY THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. THE DECAY OF JUDÆA, AND THE JEWS IN DISPERSION. The Zendik Religion--King Kobad and Mazdak the Reformer--Revolt of the Jews--Mar-Zutra--Revival of the Schools--The Saburaïm-- The Talmud committed to writing--Tolerance of Chosru II--The Christianization of Judæa--The Jews under Byzantine Rule-- Justinian--Persecution of the Samaritans--Benjamin of Tiberias --Attack on Tyre--The Emperor Heraclius _page_ 1 500-628 C. E. CHAPTER II. THE JEWS IN EUROPE. Growth of the Jews in Europe--The Communities in Constantinople and Italy--Theodoric--Isidore of Seville--Pope Gregory I--The Jews of France--Chilperic and Dagobert--Avitus--The Jews in Spain--Controversies between Jews and Christians _page_ 24 510-640 C. E. CHAPTER III. THE JEWS OF THE ARABIAN PENINSULA. Happy condition of the Jews in Arabia--Traditions as to their original settlements--Yathrib and Chaibar--The Jewish-Arabic tribes--The Benu-Nadhir, the Benu-Kuraiza, and Benu-Bachdal-- The Benu-Kainukaa--The Jews of Yemen--Their power and influence--Conversion of Arabian tribes to Judaism-- Abu-Kariba, the first Jewish-Himyarite king--Zorah Dhu-Nowas-- Samuel Ibn-Adija--Mahomet--His indebtedness to Judaism-- Mahomet's early friendliness to the Jews and subsequent breach with them--His attacks on the Jewish tribes--The War of the Fosse--The position of the Jews under the Caliphs _page_ 53 500-662 C. E. CHAPTER IV. THE AGE OF THE GEONIM. The Conquests of Islam--Omar's Intolerance--Condition of the Jews in Babylonia--Bostanaï--The Princes of the Captivity and the Geonim--Dignity and Revenues of the Prince--Communal Organization--Excommunication--Julian of Toledo and the Jews-- The Moslems in Spain--The Jews and Arabic Literature--The Assyrian Vowel-system--The Neo-Hebraic Poetry: José ben José-- Simon ben Caipha--Employment of Rhyme--Jannaï--Eleazar Kaliri --Opposition to the Study of the Talmud--The False Messiah Serenus, the Syrian--The Jews in the Crimea and the Land of the Chazars--The False Messiah Obadia Abu-Isa _page_ 86 640-760 C. E. CHAPTER V. RISE OF KARAISM AND ITS RESULTS.