Anan ben David, the founder of Karaism--His life, writings, and influence--Hostility to the Talmud--Anan's innovations-- Karaite reverence of Anan--The Exilarchate becomes elective-- Adoption of Judaism by the Chazars--King Bulan and Isaac Sinjari--Bulan's Jewish successors--Charlemagne and the Empire of the Franks--The Jews and Commerce--Jewish Envoy sent to the Caliph Haroun Alrashid--Spread of the Jews in Europe--The Caliphs and the Jews--The study of philosophy--Sahal--The Kalam--Mutazilists and Anthropomorphists--Judah Judghan--The _Shiur Komah_--The Akbarites--Moses the Persian _page_ 127 761-840 C. E. CHAPTER VI. FAVORABLE CONDITION OF THE JEWS IN THE FRANKISH DOMINIONS, AND THE DECAY OF THE EXILARCHATE IN THE EAST. The Jews under Louis le Débonnaire--The Empress Judith and her Veneration for Judaism--Agobard, Bishop of Lyons-- Conversion of Bishop Bodo--Amolo's effort against the Jews-- Charles the Bald--Troubles in Béziers and Toulouse--Decree against the Jews in Italy--Boso of Burgundy--Basilius--Leo the Philosopher--Decline of the Exilarchate--The Geonim acquire Additional Influence--The Prayer Book of Amram--Mar-Zemach-- Literary and Scientific Activity of the Jews--Decay of Karaism --Dissensions at Pumbeditha _page_ 160 814-920 C. E. CHAPTER VII. THE GOLDEN AGE OF JEWISH SCIENCE: SAADIAH AND CHASDAÏ. Judaism in the Tenth Century--Saadiah, the Founder of Religious Philosophy--Translation of the Bible into Arabic--Saadiah opposes Karaism--The Karaite Solomon ben Yerucham--Saadiah and the School at Sora--Saadiah retires from Sora--His Literary Activity--Extinction of the Exilarchate--Sahal and other Karaite writers--Jews in Spain--The School at Cordova--Dunash ben Tamim--Chasdaï--His services to Judaism--Menachem ben Saruk--Chasdaï and the King of the Chazars _page_ 187 928-970 C. E. CHAPTER VIII. THE RISE OF JEWISH-SPANISH CULTURE, AND THE DECAY OF THE GAONATE. The Gaon Sherira and his son Haï--Sherira's Historical Letter --The Jewish Congregations in Spain--Jewish Culture in Andalusia--The Disciples of Menachem and Dunash--Jehuda Chayuj --Contest between Chanoch and Ibn-Abitur--Jacob Ibn-Jau--The Jews of France--Nathan the Babylonian and Leontin--The Jews of Germany--Gershom and his Ordinances--The Emperor Henry II--The Caliph Hakem--The Jewish Communities of Northern Africa-- Chananel, the Son of Chushiel, and Nissim bar Jacob Ibn Shahin --The Jerusalem Talmud--Haï Gaon--His Character and Importance --Samuel bar Chofni--Chiskiya, the Last Gaon--Samuel Ibn-Nagrela--Jonah Ibn-Janach _page_ 231 970-1050 C. E. CHAPTER IX. IBN-GEBIROL AND HIS EPOCH.