Solomon Ibn-Gebirol--His early life--His poems--The statesman Yekutiel Ibn-Hassan befriends him--Murder of Yekutiel--Bachya Ibn-Pakuda and his moral philosophy--The Biblical critic Yizchaki ben Yasus--Joseph ben Chasdaï, the Poet--Death of Samuel Ibn Nagrela--Character of his son Joseph and his tragic fate--Death of Ibn-Gebirol--The French and German communities --Alfassi--Life and works of Rashi--Jewish scholars in Spain --King Alfonso _page_ 265 1027-1070 C. E. CHAPTER X. THE FIRST CRUSADE. The position of the Jews in Germany previous to the Crusades-- The community of Speyer and Henry IV--The Martyrs of Treves and Speyer--Emmerich of Leiningen and the Martyrs of Mayence-- Cruel persecutions at Cologne--Suffering of the Jews in Bohemia--Pitiful death of the Jews of Jerusalem--Emperor Henry's justice towards the Jews--Return of Converts to Judaism--Death of Alfassi and Rashi _Page_ 297 1096-1105 C. E. CHAPTER XI. ZENITH OF THE SPANISH-JEWISH CULTURE: JEHUDA HALEVI. The Jews under the Almoravides--Joseph Ibn-Sahal, Joseph Ibn-Zadik--Joseph Ibn-Migash--The Poets Ibn-Giat, Ibn-Abbas, Ibn-Sakbel and Ibn-Ezra--Abulhassan Jehuda Halevi--His Poems and Philosophy--The Chozari--Incidents of his Life--Prince Samuel Almansur--Jehuda Halevi's Pilgrimage to Jerusalem-- His Death _page_ 311 1105-1148 C. E. CHAPTER XII. PERSECUTIONS DURING THE SECOND CRUSADE AND UNDER THE ALMOHADES. Condition of the Jews in France--The Second Crusade--Peter the Venerable and the Monk Rudolph--Bernard of Clairvaux and the Emperor Conrad--Protectors of the Jews--Persecutions under the Almohades--Abdulmumen and his Edict--The Prince Jehuda Ibn-Ezra--The Karaites in Spain--Jehuda Hadassi--The historian Abraham Ibn-Daud and his Philosophy--Abraham Ibn-Ezra--Rabbenu Tam _page_ 347 1143-1170 C. E. CHAPTER XIII. SURVEY OF THE EPOCH OF MAIMUNI (MAIMONIDES). The Jews of Toledo--Ibn-Shoshan, Ibn-Alfachar--The Poet Charisi--Sheshet Benveniste--Benjamin of Tudela--The Jews of Provence--The Kimchis--The Communities of Béziers, Montpellier, Lünel, and Toulouse--Persecutions of Jews in Northern France--The Jews of England--Richard I--The Jews of York--The Jews of Germany--Ephraim ben Jacob--Süsskind-- Petachya the Traveler--The Jews of Italy and of the Byzantine Empire--Communities in Syria and Palestine--The Jews of Bagdad --Mosul--The Pseudo-Messiah, David Alroy--The Jews of India-- Conversion to Judaism of Tartars--The Jews of Egypt _page_ 382 1171-1205 C. E. CHAPTER XIV. MAIMUNI (MAIMONIDES).