HISTORY OF THE JEWS HISTORY OF THE JEWS BY HEINRICH GRAETZ VOL. IV FROM THE RISE OF THE KABBALA (1270 C. E.) TO THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT OF THE MARRANOS IN HOLLAND (1618 C. E.) [Illustration] PHILADELPHIA THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA 5717-1956 Copyright, 1894, by THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA _All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher: except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review to be printed in a magazine or newspaper._ PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. CULTIVATION OF THE KABBALA, AND PROSCRIPTION OF SCIENCE. Progress of the Kabbala--Todros Halevi and his Sons--Isaac Allatif and his Kabbalistic Doctrines--Adventurous Career of Abraham Abulafia--He assumes the Character of Messiah --Opposition of Ben Adret--The Prophet of Avila--Joseph Jikatilla and his Kabbalistic Mazes--The Impostor Moses de Leon--Forgeries of the Kabbalists--Origin of the Zohar-- Its Doctrines and Influence--Shem-Tob Falaquera--Isaac Albalag--Levi of Villefranche--Samuel Sulami and Meïri-- Abba-Mari's Exaggerated Zeal--Jacob ben Machir Profatius and the Controversy regarding the Study of Science--Asheri--The Poet Yedaya Bedaresi _page 1._ 1270-1328 C.E. CHAPTER II. THE FIRST EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM FRANCE, AND ITS CONSEQUENCES. Philip le Bel--The Jews of France plundered and banished-- Estori Parchi; Aaron Cohen; Laments of Bedaresi--Eleazar of Chinon, the Martyr--Return of the Jews to France; their Precarious Position--Progress of the Controversy regarding the Study of Philosophy--Abba-Mari and Asheri--Death of Ben Adret--Rabbinical Revival in Spain--Isaac Israeli II-- Samuel and the Queen Maria Molina--Don Juan Emanuel and Judah Ibn-Wakar--The Jews of Rome--Robert of Naples and the Jews --Peril of the Jews in Rome--Kalonymos ben Kalonymos, his Satires--Immanuel and Dante--The Poet Judah Siciliano-- Leone Romano and King Robert--Shemarya Ikriti--Position of Karaism--Aaron the Elder and the Prayer-Book of the Karaites _page 46._ 1306-1328 C.E. CHAPTER III. THE AGE OF THE ASHERIDES AND OF GERSONIDES.