Condition of Palestine--Pilgrims and Immigrants--Shem Tob Ibn-Gaon--Favorable Position of the Jews in Castile under Alfonso XI--Persecution in Navarre--Joseph de Ecija and Samuel Ibn-Wakar--Increase of Anti-Jewish Feelings --Abner-Alfonso of Burgos, Convert to Christianity, and Persecutor of the Jews--Gonzalo Martinez--Fall of Martinez and Deliverance of the Jews--Decline of the Study of Science --The Study of the Talmud prosecuted with Renewed Vigor-- Jacob and Judah Asheri--Isaac Pulgar, David Ibn-Albilla-- The Provençal Philosophers Ibn-Kaspi, Leon de Bagnols, and Vidal Narboni--Decline of the Study of the Talmud in Germany --Emperor Louis of Bavaria and the Jews--Persecution by the "Leather-Arms" _page 73._ 1328-1350 C.E. CHAPTER IV. THE BLACK DEATH. Rise of the False Accusation against Jews of Poisoning the Wells--Massacres in Southern France and Catalonia--The Friendly Bull of Pope Clement VI--Terrible Massacres in all Parts of Germany--Confessions wrung from the Jews on the Rack --The Flagellants as a Scourge for the Jews--King Casimir of Poland--Persecution in Brussels--The Black Death in Spain --Don Pedro the Cruel and the Jews--Santob de Carrion and Samuel Abulafia--Fall of Don Pedro and its Consequences for the Jews--Return of the Jews to France and Germany--The "Golden Bull"--Manessier de Vesoul--Matathiah Meïr Halevi --Synod at Mayence _page 100._ 1348-1380 C.E. CHAPTER V. THE AGE OF CHASDAÏ CRESCAS AND ISAAC BEN SHESHET. The Jews of Spain after the Civil War--Joseph Pichon and Samuel Abrabanel--The Apostates: John of Valladolid-- Menachem ben Zerach, Chasdaï Crescas, and Isaac ben Sheshet --Chayim Gallipapa and his Innovations--Prevôt Aubriot and the Jews of Paris--The French Rabbinate--Revival of Jewish Influence in Spain--The Jews of Portugal--The Jewish Statesmen, David and Judah Negro--Rabbis and Clergy --Persecutions in Germany and Spain--The First Germs of the Inquisition--Second Expulsion of the Jews from France--The Convert Pessach-Peter--Lipmann of Mühlhausen _page 136._ 1369-1380 C.E. CHAPTER VI. JEWISH APOSTATES AND THE DISPUTATION AT TORTOSA.