Condition of Poland--Favorable Situation of the Jews in that Country--Anti-Jewish Party in Poland--The Jewish Communities--Judaizing Poles--Studies of the Jews-- The Talmud in Poland--Solomon Lurya--Moses Isserles-- The Historian, David Gans--"Zemach David"--Supremacy of the Polish Authorities in Rabbinical Matters--The Jewish Seminaries in Poland--The Disputations at the Fairs-- Chiddushim and Chillukim--Stephen Bathori--His Kindness towards his Jewish Subjects--Sigismund III--Restriction on the Erection of Synagogues--Jewish Synods--Vaad Arba Arazoth--Mordecai Jafa--Christian Sects in Poland--The Socinians or Unitarians--Simon Budny--The Reformers and the Jews--Isaac Troki--"The Strengthening of Faith" _page 631._ 1566-1600 C.E. CHAPTER XIX. SETTLEMENT OF JEWS IN HOLLAND. FEEBLE ATTEMPTS AT ENFRANCHISEMENT. Revival of Catholicism--Decay in European Culture-- Ill-treatment of Jews in Berlin--Emperor Rudolph II of Austria--Diminution in the Numbers of Italian Jews--Pope Gregory XIII--Confiscation of Copies of the Talmud-- Vigorous Attempts at the Conversion of Jews--Pope Sixtus V-- The Jewish Physician David de Pomis--Renewal of Persecution by Clement VIII--Expulsion from Various Italian States--The Censors and the Talmud--The Jews at Ferrara--Settlement of Jews in Holland--Samuel Pallache--Jacob Tirado and the Marranos in Amsterdam--Tolerant Treatment--The Poet, David Jesurun--Moses Uri--Hebrew Printing in Amsterdam _page 650._ 1593-1618 C.E. CHAPTER XX. THE DUTCH JERUSALEM AND THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR. The Amsterdam Jewish Community--Its Wealth, Culture, and Honored Position--Zacuto Lusitano--Internal Dissensions --The Talmud Torah School--Saul Morteira, Isaac Aboab, and Manasseh ben Israel--The Portuguese Congregation in Hamburg --The First Synagogue--Lutheran Intolerance--John Miller --Jewish Colony in Brazil--The Chief Communities in Germany --Persecution in Frankfort--Dr. Chemnitz--The Vienna Congregation--Lipmann Heller--Ferdinand II's Zeal for the Conversion of Jews--Influence of the Thirty Years' War on the Fortunes of the Jews _page 676_ 1618-1648 C.E. HISTORY OF THE JEWS HISTORY OF THE JEWS. CHAPTER I. CULTIVATION OF THE KABBALA, AND PROSCRIPTION OF SCIENCE.