Internal Condition of Judaism--Division in the Communities-- The Lack of Interest in Poetry--Historical Studies---Leon Medigo's "Dialogues of Love"--Supremacy of the Kabbala-- Messianic Hopes--The Marranos and the Inquisition--Henrique Nunes--The Traveler David Reubeni in Rome--Solomon Molcho --His Relations with David Reubeni--Joseph Karo and his "Maggid"--Clement VII--Molcho in Ancona and Rome--His Favor with the Cardinals--Death of Molcho--The Enthusiastic Regard in which he was held--Duarte de Paz--Paul III-- Charles V and the Jews--Emanuel da Costa _page 477._ 1500-1538 C.E. CHAPTER XVI. STRIVINGS OF EASTERN JEWS FOR UNITY. SUFFERING IN THE WEST. Efforts towards Unity--Jacob Berab proposes the Re-introduction of Rabbinical Ordination into Palestine-- Successful Opposition of Levi ben Chabib--Joseph Karo--His Connection with Solomon Molcho and his Messianic Visions-- Karo's Religious Code--Converts to Judaism at the Era of the Reformation--Expulsion of the Jews from Naples and Prague-- Their Return to the latter Town--Dr. Eck--Martin Luther and the Jews--Moses Hamon--Jewish Histories by Joseph Cohen, the Ibn-Vergas, and Samuel Usque--Elegy of Samuel Usque-- Reaction in the Catholic Church; Loyola establishes the Order of Jesuits--The Censorship of Books--Eliano Romano and Vittorio Eliano--Fresh Attacks on the Talmud--Paul IV and his anti-Jewish Bulls--Persecution of the Marranos by the Inquisition in Ancona--Joseph Nassi--The Levantine Jews-- Expulsion of the Jews from Austria and Bohemia--Relations of Pope Pius IV and V to the Jews _page 529._ 1538-1566 C.E. CHAPTER XVII. THE JEWS IN TURKEY. DON JOSEPH NASSI. Joseph Nassi's Favor with Sultan Solyman--His Friendship for Prince Selim--Hostility of Venice and France to Nassi-- Joseph Nassi restores Tiberias, and is created Duke of Naxos --The Vizir Mahomet Sokolli--The Turks, at the Instigation of Nassi, conquer Cyprus--Rebellion against Philip II in the Netherlands--Solomon Ashkenazi--Election of Henry of Anjou as King of Poland--Ashkenazi negotiates a Peace between Venice and Turkey--Gedalya Ibn-Yachya and Jewish Literature in Turkey--Joseph Karo compiles the "Shulchan Aruch"--Azarya deï Rossi--Isaac Lurya--The Jewish "Dark Age"--Spread of the Kabbala--Lurya's Disciple, Chayim Vital Calabrese--Death of Joseph Nassi--Esther Kiera and the Influence of Jewish Women in Turkey _page 593._ 1566-1600 C.E. CHAPTER XVIII. THE JEWS IN POLAND.