HISTORY OF THE JEWS HISTORY OF THE JEWS BY HEINRICH GRAETZ VOL. V FROM THE CHMIELNICKI PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS IN POLAND (1648 C. E.) TO THE PERIOD OF EMANCIPATION IN CENTRAL EUROPE (c. 1870 C. E.) [Illustration] PHILADELPHIA THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA 5717-1956 Copyright, 1895, by THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA _All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher: except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review to be printed in a magazine or newspaper._ PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. CHMIELNICKI AND THE PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS OF POLAND BY THE COSSACKS. Condition of the Jews in Poland before the Outbreak of Persecution--Influence of the Jesuits--Characteristics of Poles and Jews--The Home of the Cossacks--Repression of the Cossacks by the Government--Jews appointed as Tax Farmers --Jurisdiction of the Synods--The Study of the Talmud in Poland--Hebrew Literature in that Country becomes entirely Rabbinical--Character of Polish Judaism--Jews and Cossacks --Chmielnicki--Sufferings of the Jews in Consequence of his Successes--The Tartar Haidamaks--Fearful Massacres in Nemirov, Tulczyn, and Homel--Prince Vishnioviecki-- Massacres at Polonnoie, Lemberg, Narol, and in Other Towns-- John Casimir--Lipmann Heller and Sabbataï Cohen--Renewal of the War between Cossacks and Poles--Russians join Cossacks in attacking the Jews--Charles X of Sweden--The Polish Fugitives--"Polonization" of Judaism _page_ 1 1648-1656 C. E. CHAPTER II. SETTLEMENT OF THE JEWS IN ENGLAND AND MANASSEH BEN ISRAEL. Obstacles to the Resettlement of Jews in England--Manasseh ben Israel--His Character and Attainments--Christian Students of Jewish Literature: Scaliger, the Buxtorfs, Selden, and Vossius--Women devote themselves to Hebrew-- The Fifth-Monarchy Men: Expectation of the Millennium-- Enthusiastic Friends of the Jews--The Puritans--Cromwell and Holmes--Nicholas' Protection of the Jews--"The Hope of Israel"--Fresh Victims of the Inquisition--Manasseh ben Israel's Negotiations with the English Parliament--He journeys to London, and is graciously received by Cromwell --A Council sits at Whitehall to decide the Question of the Re-admission of the Jews--Prynne's anti-Jewish Work-- Controversial Pamphlets--Manasseh's "Vindication"--The Re-admission of the Jews connived at _page_ 18 1655-1657 C. E. CHAPTER III. THE SCEPTICS.