Condition of Judaism--Complete Triumph of the Kabbala-- The Disciples of Isaac Lurya--Vital Calabrese, Abraham de Herrera, and Isaiah Hurwitz--Immanuel Aboab--Uriel da Costa; his Career and Death--Leo Modena; his Character and his Writings--Deborah Ascarelli and Sarah Copia Sullam, Jewish Authoresses--Leo Modena's Veiled Scepticism--The Travels and Influence of Joseph Delmedigo--The Writings of Simone Luzzatto _page_ 51 1620-1660 C. E. CHAPTER IV. SPINOZA AND SABBATAÏ ZEVI. Spinoza's Youth and Education--His Intellectual Breach with Judaism--Fresh Martyrs of the Inquisition--The Rabbis and Spinoza--Excommunication--Spinoza's "Tractate" and "Ethics"--Spinoza's Writings Concerning Judaism--Spinoza's Contemporaries in Amsterdam--De Paz and Penso--The Mystical Character of the Years 1648 and 1666--Sabbataï Zevi's Early Career--The Jerusalem Community--Sabbataï's Travels-- Nathan Ghazati--Sabbataï announced in Smyrna as the Messiah --Spread of Enthusiastic Belief in the pseudo-Messiah-- Manoel Texeira--Ritual Changes introduced by the Sabbatians --Sabbataï proceeds to Constantinople--Nehemiah Cohen-- Sabbataï Zevi's Apostasy to Islam and its Consequences-- Continuation of the Sabbatian Movement--Death of Sabbataï and Spinoza--Results of the Sabbatian Imposture _page_ 86 1656-1677 C. E. CHAPTER V. LIGHT AND SHADE. Jews under Mahometan Rulers--Expulsion from Vienna--Jews admitted by Elector Frederick William into the Mark of Brandenburg--Charge of Child-murder in Metz--Milder Treatment of Jews throughout Europe--Christian Champions of the Jews: Jurieu, Oliger Pauli, and Moses Germanus-- Predilection of Christians for the Study of Jewish Literature --Richard Simon--Interest taken by Charles XI in the Karaites--Peringer and Jacob Trigland--German Attacks on Judaism by Wülfer, Wagenseil, and Eisenmenger--Circumstances of the Publication of _Judaism Unmasked_--The _Alenu_ Prayer --Surenhuysius, Basnage, Unger, Wolf, and Toland _page_ 168 1669-1700 C. E. CHAPTER VI. GENERAL DEMORALIZATION OF JUDAISM. Low Condition of the Jews at the End of the Seventeenth Century --Representatives of Culture: David Nieto, Jehuda Brieli-- The Kabbala--Jewish Chroniclers--Lopez Laguna translates the Psalms into Spanish--De Barrios--The Race after Wealth --General Poverty of the Jews--Revival of Sabbatianism-- Daniel Israel Bonafoux, Cardosa, Mordecai of Eisenstadt, Jacob Querido, and Berachya--Sabbatianism in Poland--Abraham Cuenqui--Judah Chassid--Chayim Malach--Solomon Ayllon --Nehemiah Chayon--David Oppenheim's Famous Library-- Chacham Zevi--The Controversy on Chayon's Heretical Works in Amsterdam _page_ 199 1700-1725 C. E. CHAPTER VII.