Dawn of Self-respect--Research into Jewish History--Hannah Adams--Solomon Löwisohn--Jost--His History--The Revolution of July (1830)--Gabriel Riesser--His Lectures-- Steinheim--His Works--His "Revelation"--Nachman Krochmal --Rapoport--Erter--His Poems--Rapoport's Writings-- Zunz--Luzzatto--His Exegesis--Geiger--The "Nineteen Letters" of Ben Usiel--New School of Reform--Joel Jacoby _page_ 589 1830-1840 C. E. CHAPTER XVII. THE YEAR 1840 AND THE BLOOD ACCUSATION AT DAMASCUS. Mehmet Ali--Ratti Menton--Damascus--Father Tomaso--His Disappearance--Blood Accusation against the Jews of Damascus --Imprisonment of Accused--Their Tortures and Martyrdom-- Blood Accusation in Rhodes--In Prussia--Adolf Crémieux-- Meeting of English Jews--Moses Montefiore--Nathaniel de Rothschild--Merlato, the Austrian Consul--Plots--Thiers --Steps taken by the Jews in Paris and London--Bernard van Oven--Mansion House Meeting--Montefiore, Crémieux, and others sent to Egypt--Solomon Munk _page_ 632 1840 C. E. CHAPTER XVIII. EVENTS PRECEDING THE REVOLUTIONS OF FEBRUARY AND MARCH, 1848, AND THE SUBSEQUENT SOCIAL ADVANCE OF THE JEWS. Return of Montefiore and Crémieux from the East--Patriotic Suggestions--General Indecision--Gabriel Riesser--Michael Creizenach--Reform Party in Frankfort--Rabbinical Assembly --Holdheim--Reform Association--Zachariah Frankel--The Berlin Reform Temple--Michael Sachs--His Character--His Biblical Exegesis--Holdheim and Sachs--The Jewish German Church--Progress of Jewish Literature--Ewald and his Works --Enfranchisement of English Jews--The Breslau Jewish College--Its Founders--The Mortara Case--Pope Pius IX --The Alliance Israélite--Astruc, Cohn, Caballo, Masuel, Netter--The American Jews--The "Union of American Hebrew Congregations"--The Anglo-Jewish Association--Benisch, Löwy --The "Israelitische Allianz"--Wertheimer, Goldschmidt, Kuranda--Rapid Social Advance of the Jews--Rise of Anti-Semitism _page_ 667 1840-1870 C. E. Retrospect _page_ 705 HISTORY OF THE JEWS HISTORY OF THE JEWS CHAPTER I. CHMIELNICKI AND THE PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS OF POLAND BY THE COSSACKS.