Foreshadowing of the French Revolution--Cerf Berr--Mirabeau on the Jewish Question in France--Berr Isaac Berr--The Jewish Question and the National Assembly--Equalization of Portuguese Jews--Efforts to equalize Paris Jews--Jewish Question deferred--Equalization of French Jews--Reign of Terror--Equalization of Jews of Holland--Adath Jeshurun Congregation--Spread of Emancipation--Bonaparte in Palestine--Fichte's Jew-hatred--The Poll-Tax--Grund's "Petition of Jews of Germany"--Jacobson--Breidenbach-- Lefrank--Alexander I of Russia: his Attempts to improve the Condition of the Jews of Russia _page_ 429 1791-1805 C. E. CHAPTER XII. THE JEWISH-FRENCH SYNHEDRION AND THE JEWISH CONSISTORIES. Jew-hatred in Strasburg--Bonald's Accusations--Plots against French Jews--Furtado--David Sinzheim--Assembly of Notables--Italian Deputies--The Twelve Questions--Debate on Mixed Marriages--The Paris Synhedrion--Its Constitution --Napoleon's Enactments--Israel Jacobson--Consistory of Westphalia--Emancipation in Germany--In the Hanse-Towns-- Restrictions in Saxony _page_ 474 1806-1813 C. E. CHAPTER XIII. THE REACTION AND TEUTOMANIA. The Jews in the Wars for Freedom--The Congress of Vienna-- Hardenberg and Metternich--Rühs' Christian Germanism-- Jew-hatred in Germany and Rome--German Act of Federation-- Ewald's Defense of Judaism--Jew-hatred in Prussia--Lewis Way--Congress at Aix--Hep, hep Persecution--Hartwig Hundt --Julius von Voss--Jewish Avengers _page_ 510 1813-1818 C. E. CHAPTER XIV. BÖRNE AND HEINE. Börne and Heine--Börne's Youth--His Attitude to Judaism-- His Love of Liberty--His Defense of the Jews--Heine: his Position with Regard to Judaism--The Rabbi of Bacharach-- Heine's Thoughts upon Judaism--Influence of Börne and Heine _page_ 536 1819-1830 C. E. CHAPTER XV. REFORM AND YOUNG ISRAEL. Segregation of the Jews--Its Results--Secession and Obstinate Conservatism--Israel Jacobson--His Reforms--The Hamburg Reform Temple Union--Gotthold Salomon--Decay of Rabbinical Authority--Eleazar Libermann--Aaron Chorin--Lazarus Riesser--Party Strife--Isaac Bernays--His Writings-- Bernays in Hamburg--Mannheimer--His Congregation in Vienna --Berlin Society for Culture--Edward Gans--His Baptism-- Collapse of the Society for Culture _page_ 557 1818-1830 C. E. CHAPTER XVI. AWAKENING OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE SCIENCE OF JUDAISM.