The Marranos of Ancona imprisoned and tried by the =Inquisition=. 1555. _Amatus Lusitanus_ (1511-1568), physician. 1556. Sultan Solyman demands from Paul IV the release of Turkish Marranos; _Donna Gracia Mendesia_ (1510-1568). 1559. The Talmud burnt at Cremona; prayer books burnt in Vienna. 1560(about). JOSEPH BEN JOSHUA COHEN (1496-1575), historian, writes his “Annals.” JOSEPH IBN-VERGA completes the martyrology “Shebet Jehuda,” begun by his grandfather and father. 1561. The Jews of Prague banished. 1564. _Pius IV permits the publication of the Talmud without its name, and after having been submitted to censorship._ 1566. Pius V enforces all the canonical restrictions against the Jews. _Joseph Nassi_ (d. 1579) made Duke of Naxos by Sultan Selim II. 1568. ISAAC LURYA LEVI (1534-1572), Kabbalist, pretends to be the Messiah of Joseph. CHAYIM VITAL CALABRESE (1543-1620), Kabbalist, associate of Lurya. 1569. All the Jews in the Papal States except those of Rome and Ancona expelled. 1570. AZARYA BEN MOSES DEÏ ROSSI (1514-1578), scholar. 1570(about). _Solomon Lurya_ (1510-1573) and MOSES BEN ISRAEL ISSERLES (1520-1572), author of the “MAPPA,” the continuation of the Shulchan Aruch, Polish Talmudists. 1574. Solomon ben Nathan Ashkenazi negotiates peace between Venice and Turkey. 1576. Stephen Bathori allows the Jews of Poland to carry on trade without restrictions. 1579. Gracia Nassi establishes a Hebrew printing press in Turkey. Esther Kiera, Turkish court-Jewess, publishes Hebrew books. 1581. Gregory XIII forbids the employment of Jewish physicians, re-ordains the confiscation of Hebrew books, and re-introduces the _compulsory Christian sermon for Jews_. 1586. Sixtus V permits Jews in the Papal States and the printing of the Talmud. David de Pomis (1525-1588), physician. 1586(about). The Jews of Poland establish the SYNOD OF THE FOUR COUNTRIES; Mordecai Jafa probably its first president. 1587. _Gedalya Ibn-Yachya_ (1515-1587), historian, has his work printed.