=Castile, the Jews of=, under Alfonso VI, =3=, 292-3. under Alfonso Raimundez, =3=, 361, 363. oppose the Almohades, =3=, 387. under Alfonso VIII, =3=, 499. first persecution of, =3=, 507. in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 530, 536, 544. under Alfonso X, =3=, 592-6. under Ferdinand III, =3=, 592. employed at court, =3=, 593-4. degraded by Alfonso X, =3=, 594-6. fined, =3=, 616. under Sancho, =3=, 616-17. taxed, =3=, 617; =4=, 125-6. send deputies to Huete, =3=, 617. number of, =3=, 617. opponents of science, =4=, 38. in the fourteenth century, =4=, 51-3. leaders of the Spanish-Jewish community, =4=, 75. under Alfonso X, =4=, 75-6. guilty of usury, =4=, 80. Gonzalo Martinez conspires against, =4=, 84-5. neglect Jewish science, =4=, 86-7, 91. not held responsible for the Black Death, =4=, 113. under Pedro the Cruel, =4=, 113-26. aid Maria de Padilla, =4=, 117. in the civil war, =4=, 118-19, 120-2, 123-6. Pedro’s opponents hostile to, =4=, 120-1. held responsible for the civil war, =4=, 124-5, 167. reduced to beggary by the civil war, =4=, 137. under Henry II, =4=, 137-8. hostility to, =4=, 138. degraded by outward signs, =4=, 139. forced into religious debates, =4=, 140-2. possess penal jurisdiction, =4=, 155. deprived of criminal jurisdiction, =4=, 157. accusations against, =4=, 157. under Henry III, =4=, 193. under Juan II, =4=, 194, 203-4, 205-6, 228-9. assaulted, =4=, 204-5. bull against, =4=, 250-1. appeal to Juan II, =4=, 251. insecurity of, under Juan II, =4=, 252-3. under Henry IV, =4=, 274-6. low position of, in Henry IV’s statute book, =4=, 278. indispensable as financiers, =4=, 279-80. warned of approaching danger, =4=, 336. protected by Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 343-4. help the Marranos, =4=, 344. proclamation expelling, =4=, 347-8. _See also under_ Spain. =Castile, New=, the Jews of, taxed, =3=, 617. =Castro=, an English Jew, and the Damascus affair, =5=, 653. =Castro, de=, a noble Castilian family, =3=, 363. =Castro, Abraham de=, Selim I’s master of the mint, benevolence of, =4=, 393. informs against the Egyptian viceroy, =4=, 395. =Castro, Balthasar (Isaac) Orobio de= (1620-1687), Marrano, professor of metaphysics at Salamanca, tortured, =5=, 116. professor of medicine at Toulouse, =5=, 117. associates with Spinoza, =5=, 117. refutes Spinoza’s views, =5=, 167. prominence of, =5=, 199-200. =Castro, Bendito (Baruch Nehemiah) de=, physician, Sabbatian, =5=, 140, 150. =Castro, Moses de=, antagonist of Jacob Berab, =4=, 534-5. =Castro, Rodrigo de= (1560-1627), Marrano physician, ability of, =4=, 686-7. owns landed property, =4=, 688. =Castro-Tartas, Isaac de=, Marrano, martyrdom of, =5=, 31-2. =Casuistry=, in the Mishna, =2=, 475-6.