=Citizenship= granted to Judæans in Egypt, =1=, 418, 503. granted to Judæans in Antioch, =1=, 419. granted to Judæan athletes, =1=, 445. withdrawn from the Alexandrian Judæans, =2=, 182. restored to the Alexandrian Judæans, =2=, 191. Judæans of Cæsarea deprived of, =2=, 247. Roman, under Caracalla, =2=, 468. Roman, of the Jews, guarded by Gregory I, =3=, 33. accorded to the Jews of Gaul, =3=, 35. enjoyed by the Jews of Castile, =3=, 292-3. obtained by the Jews of Tudela, =3=, 388. enjoyed by the Jews of Messina, =3=, 423. enjoyed by Jews in the Holy Roman Empire, =4=, 443. _See also_ Emancipation of the Jews, the. =Civil offices=, Honorius III objects to Jews in, =3=, 515. Henry II of Castile refuses to exclude Jews from, =4=, 125. exclusion from, requested in Lisbon, =4=, 160. =Civil offices, Jews excluded from=, by Theodosius II, =3=, 28, 171. by the Council of Toledo, =3=, 46. by the Council of Mâcon, =3=, 39, 171. in the Empire of the East, =3=, 175, 425. by the Arabs, =3=, 216. by Gregory VII, =3=, 293. by Innocent III, =3=, 400. by the Council of Avignon, =3=, 504. by the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 510. in Hungary, =3=, 521. by Frederick II, =3=, 567, 569. by the Council of Béziers, =3=, 582. by Alfonso X, =3=, 595. by the Council of Vienna, =3=, 611. by the Council of Buda, =3=, 614. by Rudolph of Habsburg, =3=, 635. by Juan II, =4=, 194-5, 203, 228, 229. by Benedict XIII, =4=, 216. by the Council of Basle, =4=, 245. by Eugenius IV, =4=, 250. by Henry IV, =4=, 278. _See_ Magisterial offices. =Civil offices, Jews fill=, under Al-Mutadhid, =3=, 183. in Moslem Spain, after Abdul-Rahman III, =3=, 234-5. under Alfonso VIII of Castile, =3=, 384. in Messina, =3=, 423. in Toulouse, =3=, 501, 514. in Austria, =3=, 516-17, 567. under Alfonso X, =3=, 593, 596, 615. _See_ Magisterial offices. =Civil war=, between the houses of Saul and David, =1=, 109-10. David and Absalom, =1=, 138-44. the Zealots and the Peace Party in Jerusalem, =2=, 259-70. the Zealots and the Moderates in Jerusalem, =2=, 295. the Zealots and the Sicarii, =2=, 297-9. Pedro the Cruel and Henry de Trastamare, =4=, 118-26. “=Claims= of the Jews to German Citizenship,” by Rühs, =5=, 517.