=France, the Jews of=, participate in the memorial services at the Babylonian academies, =3=, 101. advanced under Charlemagne, =3=, 141. devote themselves to the Agada, =3=, 160. under Charles the Bald, =3=, 170-4. decrees against, revived, =3=, 171. tax levied on, =3=, 172. antagonized by Bishop Amolo, =3=, 172-3. exposed to Easter attacks, =3=, 173-4. under Charles the Simple, =3=, 175. treated as the wards of the king, =3=, 175. yield precedence to the Jews of Spain, =3=, 236. oppressed under the last Carlovingians and the first Capets, =3=, 241-2. the clergy arouse hatred against, =3=, 241. accused of using spells against Christians, =3=, 242. not creative in the eleventh century, =3=, 281. occupations of, =3=, 281. compared with the Christians, =3=, 281. devoted to the study of the Talmud, =3=, 281, 343-5. protected during the first crusade, =3=, 299. beginnings of culture among, =3=, 343. debts owing to, repudiated, =3=, 349-51. Louis VII roused against, =3=, 349-50. a persecution of, prevented, =3=, 351. martyrdom of, during the second crusade, =3=, 354-6. Jewish culture of, =3=, 357. and the secular courts, =3=, 377. observe a fast for the Jews of Blois, =3=, 380. banished by Philip Augustus, =3=, 402-3. charges against, by Innocent III, =3=, 499. forbidden to employ Christian nurses, =3=, 508. suffer during Gregory IX’s crusade, =3=, 570. forced into Christianity, =3=, 570. appeal to Gregory IX, =3=, 570. under Louis IX, =3=, 570-1. charged with usury, =3=, 571. fast during the disputation with Donin, =3=, 577. charged with the blood accusation, =3=, 583-5. banished by Louis IX, =3=, 585-6. return of, =3=, 586. forced to wear a badge, =3=, 612. address Solomon ben Adret for religious decisions, =3=, 620. banished by Philip IV, =3=, 646; =4=, 46. reasons for the exile of, =4=, 47. suffering of, =4=, 47-9. emigrate, =4=, 49. recalled by Louis X, =4=, 53. conditions for the re-admission of, =4=, 53-4. privileges of, extended by Philip V, =4=, 54. massacred by the Pastoureaux, =4=, 55-7. accused of poisoning wells, =4=, 57. permitted to return by John the Good, =4=, 129. privileges granted to, =4=, 129-31, 150. hostility to, =4=, 131, 132. attacked by mobs, =4=, 151-2. refuse to submit to the German chief rabbi, =4=, 152-3. conditions of the residence of, in France, =4=, 174. forced into usury, =4=, 174. banished by Charles VI, =4=, 175-6. remain in certain towns and provinces, =4=, 176-7. settle in Germany and Italy, =4=, 177. number of, =5=, 435. not united for concerted action, =5=, 436. petition for admission into the fraternity of the French people, =5=, 438. Saint Etienne speaks in behalf of, =5=, 439. improvement of, planned by Berr Isaac Berr, =5=, 449.