interested in the government, =5=, 449-50. and the religion of Reason, =5=, 451-2. recognized as equals by the Constitution of the Directory, =5=, 452. object to the poll-tax in Germany, =5=, 464-5. in danger of losing their privileges, =5=, 474. opposed by the reactionary party, =5=, 477-8. deprived temporarily of civil equality, =5=, 482. restrictive laws for, =5=, 498-9. rights of, not curtailed after Napoleon’s fall, =5=, 512-13. restrictions against not renewed, =5=, 524-5. rapid advance of, =5=, 557. under Polish influence, =5=, 558. influenced by the Reform movement, =5=, 582-3. and the Damascus affair, =5=, 644, 651. asked to support Crémieux’s Eastern schools, =5=, 671. =France, the Jews of, emancipation of.= _See_ Emancipation of the French Jews, the. =France, northern=, home of Talmudic studies after Rashi, =3=, 289. rabbis of, at Donin’s disputation, =3=, 576. =France, northern, the Jews of=, devoted to Talmud study, =3=, 289, 290, 345, 407-8. expect the Messiah, =3=, 298. prosperous in the twelfth century, =3=, 343. banished during the third crusade, =3=, 405. received by Philip Augustus, =3=, 405-6. not permitted to move from province to province, =3=, 406. forbidden to buy property confiscated from Jews, =3=, 406-7. treated as bondmen, =3=, 407. naïve faith of, =3=, 549. wear Jew badges, =3=, 612. =France, southern=, Judæans in, =2=, 203. culture and rulers of, =3=, 390. tolerance in, =3=, 390. Spanish culture introduced into, =3=, 392. Jews from, in Palestine, =3=, 427-8. rabbis of, renounce Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 539, 541. _See also_ Languedoc; Narbonne; Provence. =France, southern, the Jews of=, dependent on vassal princes, =3=, 242. in the twelfth century, =3=, 389-91. idolize Maimonides, =3=, 488-9. Maimonides on, =3=, 492. relation of, to the Albigenses, =3=, 501, 513-14. suffer during the Albigensian crusade, =3=, 501-3. not employed as state officials, =3=, 503-4. send delegates to the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 509. struggle against badges, =3=, 513. Innocent III’s decrees enforced against, =3=, 518. Maimunists, =3=, 526-7. excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 530. philosophical leanings of, =3=, 549. ordered to enter into disputations with Pablo Christiani, =3=, 602. obtain the abrogation of the law on badges, =3=, 612. persecuted in the fourteenth century, =4=, 53. during the Pastoureaux rising, =4=, 56-7. massacred on the charge of having caused the Black Death, =4=, 102. hostility towards, =4=, 132. =Francesco Maria I=, duke of Urbino, brings Molcho to Pesaro, =4=, 501. =Francesco Maria II=, duke of Urbino, David de Pomis dedicates a book to, =4=, 657.