654. Judaizing Christians of Toledo under Receswinth, Visigothic king, swear loyalty to the Catholic Church. 658. BEGINNING OF THE GAONATE; Mar-Isaac, head of the Sora academy, takes the title GAON. 670. Hunaï, Gaon of Sora, and Mar-Raba, principal of Pumbeditha, _reform the divorce laws_. 681. Judaizing Christians re-affirm their adherence to Christianity under Erwig, Visigothic king. 693. Egica, Visigothic king, _forbids Jews to hold real estate_. 700(about). RISE OF THE MASSORA AND OF NEO-HEBRAIC LITURGIC POETRY. José bar José Hayathom the first Poetan. 712. Jews open the gates of Toledo to Tarik, the Mahometan general. 719. Natronaï ben Nehemiah (Mar-Yanka), principal of Pumbeditha. 720. Serene, the Syrian Messiah. Omar II, Ommiyyade Caliph of Damascus, re-enacts the “_Covenant of Omar_.” 723. Persecution of the Jews of the Byzantine Empire under Leo the Isaurian. 745(about). ELEAZAR BEN KALIR (KALIRI), poetan. _The Chazars under Bulan accept Judaism._ 749. Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, precursor of the Messiah in Ispahan. 759. _Jehuda the Blind_, Gaon of Sora, author of a Talmudic compendium, _Halachoth Ketuoth_. 761. Dudaï principal of Pumbeditha. =The Karaite schism led by Anan ben David.= 787. Charlemagne removes the Kalonymos family from Lucca to Mayence to encourage Jewish learning in the Frankish Empire. He introduces a _Jewish oath_. 797. Isaac sent by Charlemagne on an embassy to Haroun Alrashid. 800(about). Judah Judghan, founder of a sect, introduces Mutazilist philosophy into Judaism. Benjamin ben Moses of Nahavend, founder of the Maghariyites, spreads the Mutazilist philosophy among the Karaites. 807. Haroun Alrashid introduces THE JEW BADGE into the Abbasside Caliphate. 825. Contest for the Exilarchate between David ben Judah and Daniel. Rise of Karaite sects: Akbarites, Tiflisites, and the followers of Moses of Baalbek. 827(about). Eberard, _Magister Judæorum_, under Louis I the Pious, king of the Franks, protects the Jews against Agobard, bishop of Lyons.