Origin and Character of the Goths--Their Invasion of the Peninsula--Power of the Clergy--Ecclesiastical Councils--The Jews--The Visigothic Code--Profound Wisdom of Its Enactments--Provisions against Fraud and Injustice--Severe Penalties--Its Definition of the Law--Condition of the Mechanical Arts--Architecture--Byzantine Influence--Manufactures--Votive Crowns--Agriculture--Literature--Medicine--Slave Labor--Imitation of Roman Customs--Parallel between the Goths and the Arabs--Coincidence of Sentiments and Habits--Causes of National Decline--Permanent Influence of the Gothic Polity 165 CHAPTER V. THE INVASION AND CONQUEST OF SPAIN. General Condition and Physical Features of the Spanish Peninsula--Various Classes of the Population--Supremacy of the Church--Tyranny of the Visigothic Kings--Fatal Policy of Witiza--Accession of Roderick--Count Julian--Invasion of Tarik--Battle of the Guadalete--Its Momentous Results--Progress of the Moslems--Arrival of Musa--His Success--Immense Booty secured by the Victors--Quarrel of Tarik and Musa--Interference of the Khalif--Submission of the Goths--Musa’s Vast Scheme of Conquest--The Two Generals ordered to Damascus--The Triumphal Procession through Africa--Fate of Musa--Causes and Effects of the Moslem Occupation of Spain 204 CHAPTER VI THE EMIRATE Abd-al-Aziz--His Wise Administration--His Execution ordered by the Khalif--Ayub-Ibn-Habib--His Reforms--Al-Horr--Al-Samh--His Invasion of France--His Defeat and Death--Abd-al-Rahman--Feud of the Maadites and Kahtanites--Its Disastrous Effects--Anbasah-Ibn-Sohim--His Ability--He penetrates to the Rhone and is killed--Yahya-Ibn-Salmah--Othman-Ibn-Abu-Nesa --Hodheyfa-Ibn-al-Awass--Al-Haytham-Ibn-Obeyd --Mohammed-Ibn-Abdallah--Abd-al-Rahman--His Popularity--Proclaims the Holy War--Treason of Othman-Ibn-Abu-Nesa--The Emir attempts the Conquest of France--Character of Charles Martel--Battle of Poitiers--Death of Abd-al-Rahman--Abd-al-Melik--Okbah-Ibn-al-Hejaj--His Wisdom and Capacity--Charles Martel ravages Provence--Berber Revolt in Africa--Victory of the Rebels--Abd-al-Melik-Ibn-Kottam--Balj-Ibn-Beschr--Thalaba --Abu-al-Khattar--Condition of Western Europe--Unstable and Corrupt Administration of the Emirs--Importance of the Battle of Poitiers 266 CHAPTER VII FOUNDATION OF THE SPANISH MONARCHY