[Illustration: I. ENGLISH JACK--ST. GEORGE'S CROSSE 2 SCOTCH JACK--ST. ANDREW'S CROSSE 3 IRISH JACK--ST. PATRICK'S CROSSE] HISTORY OF THE UNION JACK AND FLAGS OF THE EMPIRE Their Origin, Proportions and Meanings as tracing the Constitutional Development of the British Realm, and with References to other National Ensigns BY BARLOW CUMBERLAND, M.A. Past President of the National Club, and of the Sons of England, Toronto; President of the Ontario Historical Society, Canada With Illustrations and Nine Coloured Plates THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND EXTENDED, WITH INDEX TORONTO WILLIAM BRIGGS Booksellers' Row, Richmond Street West 1909 Copyright, Canada, 1909, by BARLOW CUMBERLAND. TO THE FLAG ITSELF THIS STORY OF THE Union Jack IS DEDICATED WITH MUCH RESPECT BY ONE OF ITS SONS. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. This history of the Union Jack grew out of a paper principally intended to inform my boys of how the Union Jack of our Empire grew into its present form, and how the colours and groupings of its parts are connected with our government and history, so that through this knowledge the flag itself might speak to them in a way it had not done before. A search for further information, extended over many varied fields, gathered together facts that had previously been separated, and grouped them into consecutive order; thus the story grew, and having developed into a lecture, was afterwards, at the suggestion of others, launched upon its public way. The chapters on the history of the Jacks in the Thirteen American Colonies and in the United States are also new ground and may be of novel interest to not a few. The added information on the proper proportions of our Union Jack, and the directions and reasons for the proper making of its parts, may serve to correct some of the unhappy errors which now exist and may interest all in the observation and study of flags. An Index has been added, and a record of the "Diamond Anthem" is also appended. I would acknowledge the criticisms and kindly assistance of many, particularly of Mr. James Bain, Public Librarian of Toronto, who opened out to me the valuable collection in his library; of Mr. J. G. Colmer, C.M.G., Secretary to the Canadian High Commissioner, London, who assisted in obtaining material in England; and of Mr. W. Laird Clowes, Sir James Le Moine, Sir J. G. Bourinot and Dr. J. G. Hodgins, Historiographer of Ontario, who have made many valuable and effective suggestions. BARLOW CUMBERLAND. TORONTO, _October 1, 1900_. PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION.