The papyrus gave the working out of the solution. Many similar problems are given in mathematical works and papyri. They show the proficiency in mathematics that Egyptian scientists had attained at a remote period. But their methods of expressing mathematical problems were crude and, consequently, involved much tedious labor in finding solutions. There can be little doubt that if effective mathematical symbols had been devised the abstract sciences would have made even greater progress than they did in early Egypt. When we study the complicated solutions of algebraic problems made by the Egyptians, owing to the lack of simple symbols, we can appreciate how greatly modern mathematical science is benefited by the devices now employed for expressing quantities, variations, and operations. The Egyptians were expert in applying the discoveries of science to the arts. The Nile made their country potentially rich in agriculture, and they devoted much attention to inventing such things as single and double plows, rakes, and other agricultural machines, many of which were drawn by oxen, donkeys, and other animals. Reaping was done with sickles and scythes. Not only was irrigation understood and widely practiced, but the importance of fertilization was recognized. The farmers understood the preservation of meat, vegetables, and foodstuffs generally, by drying or pickling. They also brewed beer and made wines, vegetable and seed oils, and alcohol. The selection of breeding animals and the principles of variation were understood and employed for developing particular breeds of cattle and farm stocks. The papyrus reed grew luxuriantly in Egypt and this resulted in the discovery of paper making, weaving, thread making and many textile methods. These industries led to the invention of looms, rope and twine twisting appliances, flax weaving and other machinery. The linens and cloths made by these machines have never been excelled. Dyeing was developed with the textile industries. As the skies of Egypt are bright, the people in all ages have had a fondness for brilliant colors. The call for bright textile colors led to a considerable development in the chemistry of dyes and dyeing. Vegetable and mineral dyes were used. Dyes were not always applied to the whole pieces of goods, but stenciling and other methods of patterning were used. The highly organized artistic skill of the people demanded art-designed textiles and the manufacturers responded with beautiful and rich materials. The fur and feather industries became important at an early period. The Egyptians were fond of beautiful ornamental skins like those of the panther or gazelle. Such skins were manufactured into numerous domestic articles, made into clothing or used as rugs, mats, and seat coverings.