[66] See Jamieson, _History of the Ancient Culdees of Iona_; Edinburgh, 1811. [67] Saint Cuthbert was a monk of Irish descent, at first a member of the Celtic monastery of Melrose, and afterwards sixth Bishop of Lindisfarne from 685 to 688. In later times his gold, gem-studded shrine in Durham Cathedral was one of the most magnificent and costly in the world; see _Rites and Monuments of Durham_, Surtees Soc., 1842, pp. 3 and 4. [68] The works of Symeon Dunelmensis were published by the Surtees Society in 1868. [69] Now in the Archbishop of Canterbury's library at Lambeth. [70] The _Book of Deer_ was first brought to light by Mr Henry Bradshaw, and has been published by the Spalding Club, Ed. John Stuart, Edinburgh, 1869. The Monastery at Deer in Aberdeenshire was founded by Saint Columba as a branch house from Iona. [71] The so-called _Itala_ version is the older Latin translation of the Bible, which existed previous to the recension of Saint Jerome. [72] A very interesting _Psalter_ of similar style and date is preserved in the library of St John's College, Cambridge; its ornaments are of the unmixed Celtic style, broad in treatment without any of the marvellous minuteness of the _Book of Kells_ and the _Book of Durrow_. [73] See Westwood, _Irish Manuscripts_, Pl. 16. [74] This is one of many examples of Books being called after some earlier Saint who was connected with the monastery where the manuscript was written; for example the Gospels of Saint Augustine in the Corpus library at Cambridge, the Gospels of Saint Cuthbert, and the Gospels of Saint Columba, are all later than the dates of the Saints they are called after. [75] See Weidmann, _Geschichte der Bibliothek von St Gallen_; St Gall, 1841. [76] This manuscript was formerly believed to have been once in the possession of Saint Augustine, but it is clearly a good deal later in date than his time. [77] Eventually there were three Norse kingdoms in Ireland, the capitals of which were Dublin, Waterford and Limerick; and the three chief ports of Ireland, Dublin, Cork and Belfast were all founded by the Viking invaders; see C. F. Keary's valuable work, _The Vikings in Western Christendom_, London, 1891, pp. 165 to 185. [78] The blessing in the Greek Church is given by raising three fingers; in the Western Church two fingers and the thumb are used. [79] See Westwood, _Miniatures of Irish Manuscripts_, London, 1868, Pl. I. and II. [80] The points of difference between the Roman and Celtic Churches were very trivial, the chief being the date for the celebration of Easter and the shape of the monastic tonsure. [81] See _note 2_ on page 97.