Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United StatesLauber, Almon Wheeler
History
Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United States
Lauber, Almon Wheeler
Indians of North America; Indians, Treatment of -- United States; Slavery -- United States; Thesis (Ph. D.)
By the time of King Philip’s War, 1675–1676, the colonists were well
accustomed to the sending of Indian captives out of the country, and
to the use of them in their homes.[446] The policy followed toward the
Indians captured in this war was the same as that shown in the Pequot
War. The captives were either exported for sale in the European or West
Indian slave markets, or were retained in servitude in the colonies. In
the beginning of the war, Captain Moseley captured eighty Indians, who
were retained at Plymouth. In the following September, one hundred and
seventy-eight were put on board a vessel commanded by Captain Sprague
who sailed from Plymouth with them for Spain.[447] In this same year,
1675, Indians, probably from the coast of Maine, were landed as slaves
at Fayal, one of the Azores.[448] Again in 1675, fifteen Indians were
captured and sent to Boston, “tied neck to neck, like galley slaves.”
Much against the will of the populace they were given a trial. All
were finally acquitted except two who were sentenced to be sold out
of the country as slaves.[449] During the years 1675 and 1676, one
finds mention of the sale of Indians in Plymouth in groups of about a
hundred,[450] fifty-seven,[451] three,[452] one hundred and sixty,[453]
ten,[454] one.[455] From June 25, 1675 to September 23, 1676, the
records show the sale by the Plymouth colonial authorities of one
hundred and eighty-eight Indians.[456]
In the Massachusetts Bay colony a similar disposal of captives was
accomplished. On one occasion about two hundred were transported and
sold.[457] There is extant a paper written by Daniel Gookin in 1676,
one item of which is as follows: “a list of the Indian children that
came in with John of Packachooge.” The list shows twenty-one boys and
eleven girls distributed throughout the colony.[458]
With the close of the war after Philip’s death, many of the Indian
chiefs were executed at Boston and Plymouth, and most of the remaining
chiefs with their captive followers were sold and shipped off as
slaves outside the colonies.[459] Those transported were carried to
various parts: the Spanish West Indies, Spain, Portugal, Bermuda,
Virginia,[460] and the Azores.[461]
Not all the Indians whose lives were spared were transported.[462]
Generally the men, rather than the women and children, were thus
disposed of, though such was not always the case. One finds instances,
like that of Philip’s wife and son,[463] when women and children were
transported, and other instances when grown male Indians were retained
in the colonies and sold to the colonists.[464]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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