Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United StatesLauber, Almon Wheeler
History
Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United States
Lauber, Almon Wheeler
Indians of North America; Indians, Treatment of -- United States; Slavery -- United States; Thesis (Ph. D.)
It has been seen that it was customary to enslave Indian captives taken
in war, and that certain colonial governments even allowed the seizure
of peaceable Indians in time of war, lest they join with the warring
Indians. The distinction between kidnapping, pure and simple, and
seizures made in time of war, was too delicate to be always observed,
and was open to abuse by unscrupulous persons desiring to obtain
Indians for sale. Nowhere is this more clearly exemplified than in the
New England colonies. Here, as in the south, kidnapping was carried
on by the frontier people who were generally rough and lawless. Along
with indifference to the rights of the Indians, fraudulent practices in
trade, and refusal to sell them arms and ammunition on the slightest
suspicion that the weapons might be used against the whites, the
kidnapping of Indians, and the selling of them as slaves in the West
Indies were all numbered among the causes of King Philip’s War.[563]
With the opening of King Philip’s War the custom was continued. The
Maine Indians were about to join those in Massachusetts when, through
the efforts of Abraham Shurt of Pemaquid, and by means of promises
made to right their wrongs and treat the native fairly in the future,
the union with the Massachusetts Indians was prevented, and assurances
of friendship were exchanged with the English. Rumors were soon
spread abroad, however, that the Indians were possessed of arms, and
were forming a conspiracy against the colony. The government became
alarmed and issued a warrant to General Waldron of Cocheco (Dover, New
Hampshire) “to seize every Indian known to be a man slayer, traitor or
conspirator”. Waldron took it upon himself to issue general warrants
for this purpose. These warrants fell into the hands of unprincipled
men who set about using them to immediate advantage. A vessel was
fitted out at Pemaquid and a crew organized for the purpose of
kidnapping Indians for sale abroad. Shurt remonstrated with the leaders
of the proceeding and warned the Indians of their danger. But the plan
succeeded, at least in part. A vessel off Pemaquid, commanded by one
Laughton, succeeded during the winter of 1676 in capturing several
Indians, and carrying them abroad for sale. The Indians complained of
this action, but the only satisfaction they obtained was more offers
of friendship and the promise that means should be taken to return
their captured friends to them.[564] Waldron was indicted by the grand
jury for surprising and stealing seventeen Indians, carrying them off
to Fayal in the vessel _Endeavor_ and selling them there, but was
acquitted. John Laughton, captain of the vessel, was also indicted for
the same offenses, found guilty by the Court of General Sessions, and
fined £20.[565] More pressing matters engaged the attention of the
authorities for some time, and no further attention was given to this
event.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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