_The Navy and Executive Order 9981_..................... 412 17. THE ARMY INTEGRATES................................... 428 _Race and Efficiency: 1950_............................. 428 _Training_.............................................. 434 _Performance of Segregated Units_....................... 436 _Final Arguments_....................................... 440 _Integration of the Eighth Army_........................ 442 _Integration of the European and Continental Commands_.. 448 (p. xv) 18. INTEGRATION OF THE MARINE CORPS....................... 460 _Impetus for Change_.................................... 461 _Assignments_........................................... 466 19. A NEW ERA BEGINS...................................... 473 _The Civil Rights Revolution_........................... 474 _Limitations on Executive Order 9981_................... 479 _Integration of Navy Shipyards_......................... 483 _Dependent Children and Integrated Schools_............. 487 20. LIMITED RESPONSE TO DISCRIMINATION.................... 501 _The Kennedy Administration and Civil Rights_........... 504 _The Department of Defense, 1961-1963_.................. 510 _Discrimination Off the Military Reservation_........... 511 _Reserves and Regulars: A Comparison_................... 517 21. EQUAL TREATMENT AND OPPORTUNITY REDEFINED............. 530 _The Secretary Makes a Decision_........................ 530 _The Gesell Committee_.................................. 535 _Reaction to a New Commitment_.......................... 545 _The Gesell Committee: Final Report_.................... 552 22. EQUAL OPPORTUNITY IN THE MILITARY COMMUNITY........... 556 _Creating a Civil Rights Apparatus_..................... 558 _Fighting Discrimination Within the Services_........... 566 23. FROM VOLUNTARY COMPLIANCE TO SANCTIONS................ 581 _Development of Voluntary Action Programs_.............. 581 _Civil Rights, 1964-1966_............................... 586 _The Civil Rights Act and Voluntary Compliance_......... 590 _The Limits of Voluntary Compliance_.................... 593 24. CONCLUSION............................................ 609 _Why the Services Integrated_........................... 609 _How the Services Integrated, 1946-1954_................ 614 _Equal Treatment and Opportunity_....................... 619 NOTE ON SOURCES........................................... 625 INDEX..................................................... 635 Illustrations