29. Conception and Character of Retorsion 36 30. Retorsion, when justified 37 31. Retorsion, how exercised 37 32. Value of Retorsion 38 III. _Reprisals_ 33. Conception of Reprisals in contradistinction to Retorsion 38 34. Reprisals admissible for all International Delinquencies 39 35. Reprisals admissible for International Delinquencies only 40 36. Reprisals, by whom performed 41 37. Objects of Reprisals 42 38. Positive and Negative Reprisals 44 39. Reprisals must be proportionate 44 40. Embargo 44 41. Reprisals to be preceded by Negotiations and to be stopped when Reparation is made 46 42. Reprisals during Peace in contradistinction to Reprisals during War 46 43. Value of Reprisals 46 IV. _Pacific Blockade_ 44. Development of practice of Pacific Blockade 48 45. Admissibility of Pacific Blockade 50 46. Pacific Blockade and vessels of third States 51 47. Pacific Blockade and vessels of the blockaded State 52 48. Manner of Pacific Blockade 52 49. Value of Pacific Blockade 53 V. _Intervention_ 50. Intervention in contradistinction to Participation in a difference 54 51. Mode of Intervention 55 52. Time of Intervention 55 PART II--_WAR_ CHAPTER I--ON WAR IN GENERAL I. _Characteristics of War_ 53. War no illegality 59 54. Conception of War 60 55. War a contention 61 56. War a contention between States 62 57. War a contention between States through armed forces 63 58. War a contention between States for the purpose of overpowering each other 67 59. Civil War 68 60. Guerilla War 70 II. _Causes, Kinds, and Ends of War_