93. Commencement of War in General 121 94. Declaration of War 123 95. Ultimatum 125 96. Initiative hostile Acts of War 126 II. _Effects of the Outbreak of War_ 97. General Effects of the Outbreak of War 128 98. Rupture of Diplomatic Intercourse and Consular Activity 129 99. Cancellation of Treaties 129 100. Precarious position of Belligerents' subjects on Enemy Territory 131 100_a_. _Persona standi in judicio_ on Enemy Territory 133 101. Intercourse, especially Trading, between Subjects of Belligerents 135 102. Position of Belligerents' Property in the Enemy State 139 102_a_. Effect of the Outbreak of War on Merchantmen 140 CHAPTER III--WARFARE ON LAND I. _On Land Warfare in General_ 103. Aims and Means of Land Warfare 144 104. Lawful and Unlawful Practices of Land Warfare 144 105. Objects of the Means of Warfare 145 106. Land Warfare in contradistinction to Sea Warfare 145 II. _Violence against Enemy Persons_ 107. On Violence in general against Enemy Persons 146 108. Killing and Wounding of Combatants 146 109. Refusal of Quarter 147 110. Lawful and Unlawful Means of killing and wounding Combatants 148 111. Explosive Bullets 149 112. Expanding (Dum-Dum) Bullets 149 113. Projectiles diffusing Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases 150 114. Violence directed from Air-Vessels 150 115. Violence against non-combatant Members of Armed Forces 151 116. Violence against Private Enemy Persons 151 117. Violence against the Head of the Enemy State and against Officials in Important Positions 153 III. _Treatment of Wounded, and Dead Bodies_