[3]He refers to the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle. It joins with its fellow of the opposite side in the mid-line at the linea alba. [4]External oblique muscles. [5]Internal oblique muscles. [6]Transversus abdominis. [7]_Longanon_ is the medieval Latin term for rectum. In the text which follows it will be noted that Edwardes describes the intestines from below upwards. [8]The hepatic flexure of the colon. [9]The caecum was termed the _monoculus_ by medieval anatomists. There is no mention of the appendix; this was first described in 1523 by Berengario da Carpi. [10]The ileum. [11]The curved surface. [12]Galen maintained that the major veins had their origin in the liver. [13]Multiple lobes to the liver was another teaching of Galen derived from comparative anatomy. [14]Post-mortem staining of the viscera with bile is very common. [15]The porta hepatis. [16]This is a good account of the function of the lymphatic vessels. [17]The gibbosity of the liver is its curved, upper surface. [18]The emulgent veins are the renal veins. [19]This is normal in man but in some animals the right renal vessels arise higher than the left. It will be noted that he speaks from his own experience. It is a pity that he qualifies this statement in the next sentence with a reference to the then current teaching, derived from Galen. [20]The fallacious idea of the testis filtering off the sperm from the blood brought down to it by the testicular artery lasted a long time. Note too the old fallacy of the left testis producing a female foetus and the right producing a male. [21]The ureters. [22]The pleura. [23]Either Edwardes or the printer was at fault in the form of the Greek script, while the word has more the meaning of diaphragm than of pleura. [24]Edwardes is obviously aware of the individuality of each pleural sac. [25]The pericardium. [26]Note that the heart is the most important organ of the body. [27]The three-ventricled heart was a myth which remained entrenched in anatomy until Niccolò Massa (1536) and Vesalius. Leonardo da Vinci showed that there were only two ventricles but his drawings were not seen by his contemporaries. [28]Edwardes is to a degree correct when he says that life remains longest in the auricles. Slow contraction of the auricles can be seen for a short time after contraction of the ventricles has ceased. This passage could suggest that he practised vivisection. [29]Note the persistence of the old idea that the left ventricle contains air. [30]The medieval anatomists regarded the right and left atria as part of the corresponding ventricle, hence they stated that the venae cavae opened into the right ventricle. Edwardes’s acceptance of the old theory is interesting for just above this in the text he mentions the auricles as separate chambers.