Introduction to Mathematical PhilosophyRussell, Bertrand
Philosophy
Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
Russell, Bertrand
Mathematics -- Philosophy
It must not be supposed, merely because series afford the
most obvious application of the idea of likeness, that there are
no other applications that are important. We have already
mentioned maps, and we might extend our thoughts from this
illustration to geometry generally. If the system of relations
by which a geometry is applied to a certain set of terms can be
brought fully into relations of likeness with a system applying
to another set of terms, then the geometry of the two sets is
indistinguishable from the mathematical point of view, i.e. all
the propositions are the same, except for the fact that they are
applied in one case to one set of terms and in the other to another.
We may illustrate this by the relations of the sort that may be
called "between," which we considered in Chapter IV. We
there saw that, provided a three-term relation has certain formal
logical properties, it will give rise to series, and may be called
a "between-relation." Given any two points, we can use the
between-relation to define the straight line determined by those
two points; it consists of and together with all points ,
such that the between-relation holds between the three points
, , in some order or other. It has been shown by O. Veblen
that we may regard our whole space as the field of a three-term
between-relation, and define our geometry by the properties we
assign to our between-relation.[13]
Now likeness is just as easily
[Pg 58]
definable between three-term relations as between two-term
relations. If and ' are two between-relations, so that
"" means " is between and with respect to ,"
we shall call a correlator of and ' if
it has the field of '
for its converse domain, and is such that the relation holds
between three terms when ' holds between their -correlates,
and only then. And we shall say that is like ' when there
is at least one correlator of with '. The reader can easily
convince himself that, if is like ' in this sense, there can be
no difference between the geometry generated by and that
generated by '.
[13]This does not apply to elliptic space, but only to spaces in which
the straight line is an open series. Modern Mathematics, edited by
J. W. A. Young, pp. 3-51 (monograph by O. Veblen on "The Foundations of
Geometry").
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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