In addition to the Greek manuscripts and the versions, we have still a third and by no means unimportant class of material that we can employ in reconstructing our text of the New Testament. We possess an uncommonly rich Christian literature, which gathers volume from the second half, or, at all events, from the last quarter of the first century onwards. Now, what an early Church teacher, or, for that matter, what any early writer quotes from the New Testament will have for us its own very peculiar importance, under certain conditions. Because, as a rule, we know precisely where and when he lived. So that by means of these =patristic quotations= we are enabled to locate our ancient manuscripts of the Bible even more exactly, and trace their history further than we are able to do with the help of the versions. Here, of course, we must make sure that our author has quoted accurately and not loosely from memory, and also that the quotations in his book have been accurately preserved and not accommodated to the current text of their time by later copyists or even by editors of printed editions, as has actually been done even in the nineteenth century. We shall now proceed to describe these three classes of auxiliaries. LITERATURE.—W. Wattenbach, _Anleitung zur griechischen Palaeographie_, 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1877; V. Gardthausen, _Griechische Palaeographie_, Leipzig, 1879; Fr. Blass, _Palaeographie, Bücherwesen, und Handschriftenkunde_, in I. v. Müller’s Handbuch der klassischen Alterthumswissenschaft, 2nd ed., vol. i., Munich, 1892; E. M. Thompson, _Handbook of Greek and Latin Palaeography_, London, 1891; T. Birt, _Das antike Buchwesen_, Berlin, 1882; W. A. Copinger, _The Bible and its Transmission_; F. G. Kenyon, _Our Bible and the ancient Manuscripts_, London, third edition, 1897; F. H. A. Scrivener, _Six Lectures on the Text of the N.T. and the ancient Manuscripts which contain it_, Cambridge and London, 1875; _A Collation of about 20 Manuscripts of the Holy Gospels_, London, 1853; _Adversaria critica sacra_, Cambridge, 1893; Hoskier; _Urt._, pp. 16, 54; O. Weise, _Schrift- und Buchwesen in alter und neuer Zeit_, Leipzig (Teubner), 1899 (with Facsimiles: a popular work); F. G. Kenyon, _The Palaeography of Greek Papyri_, Oxford, 1899 (with 20 Facsimiles and a Table of Alphabets, pp. viii., 160); Ulr. Wilcken, _Tafeln zur älteren griechischen Palaeographie, Nach Originalen des Berliner K. Museums_, Berlin and Leipzig, 1891 (with 20 photographs); G. Vitelli e C. Paoli, _Collezione Fiorentina di facsimili paleografici greci e latini_, Firenze, 1884-1897 (with 50 Greek Plates and 50 Latin, Folio); Charles F. Sitterly, _Praxis in Manuscripts of the Greek Testament; the mechanical and literary processes involved in their writing and preservation_ (with table of Manuscripts and 13 Facsimile Plates), New York and Cincinnati, 1898,