9. Why have Americans a special interest in the Roman conquest of Gaul and Britain? EXERCISES 1. Caesar and Alexander were two of the greatest generals who ever lived. How many years after Alexander died did Caesar begin his wars in Gaul? What difference was there between what these two generals did? Whose work is the more important for us? 2. Plan a large map of the Graeco-Roman world, pasting on each country a picture of some interesting Greek or Roman ruin. This will take a long time, but many pictures may be found in advertising folders of steamship lines and tourist agencies. REVIEW (Chapters IV, V, VI, and VII) _How the Graeco-Roman world was built up_: 1. The Greeks drive back the Persians. 2. The Greeks settle in many places on the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. 3. Alexander conquers the countries about the eastern Mediterranean. 4. The Romans conquer the Greeks in Italy, but learn their ways of living. 5. The Romans conquer the Carthaginians and seize their colonies. 6. The Romans conquer all the lands around the Mediterranean. 7. The Romans conquer Gaul and Britain. _Important dates in this work of building a Graeco-Roman world_: Battle of Marathon, 490 B.C. Work of Alexander ended, 323 B.C. Romans become masters of Italy, 275 B.C. Romans conquer Hannibal, 202 B.C. Caesar's conquest of Gaul complete, 49 B.C. [Illustration: ROMAN FARMER'S CALENDAR] CHAPTER VIII THE CIVILIZATION OF THE ROMAN WORLD STRIFE AT ROME. While the Romans were conquering the ancient world they had begun to quarrel among themselves. Certain men resolved that Rome should not be managed any longer by the noble senators for their own benefit or for the benefit of rich contractors and merchants. They wished to have the idle crowds of men who packed the shows and circuses settled as free farmers on the unused lands of Italy. Among these new leaders were two brothers, Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, sons of one of Rome's noblest families. The other nobles looked upon them with hatred and killed them, first Tiberius and afterward Caius. These murders did not end the trouble. The leaders on both sides armed their followers, and bloody battles were fought in the streets. Generals led their armies to Rome, although, according to the laws, to bring an army into Italy south of the Rubicon River was to make war on the republic and be guilty of treason. Once in the city these generals put to death hundreds of their enemies.