Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis : $b a course of twenty-eight lectures delivered at the University of ViennaFreud, Sigmund
Science
Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis : $b a course of twenty-eight lectures delivered at the University of Vienna
Freud, Sigmund
Psychoanalysis
Moreover, one of the effects of condensation upon the relationship
between the manifest and the latent dream is that the connection between
the elements of the one and of the other nowhere remains a simple one;
for by a kind of interlacing a manifest element represents
simultaneously several latent ones and, conversely, a latent thought may
enter into several manifest elements. Again, when we come to interpret
dreams, we see that the associations to a single manifest element do not
commonly make their appearance in orderly succession; we often have to
wait until we have the interpretation of the whole dream.
The dream-work, then, follows a very unusual mode of transcription for
the dream-thoughts; not a translation, word for word, or sign for sign;
nor yet a process of selection according to some definite rule, for
instance, as though the consonants only of the words were reproduced and
the vowels omitted; nor again what one might call a process of
representation, one element being always picked out to represent several
others. It works by a different and much more complicated method.
The second achievement of the dream-work is DISPLACEMENT. Fortunately
here we are not breaking perfectly fresh ground; indeed, we know that it
is entirely the work of the dream-censorship. Displacement takes two
forms: first, a latent element may be _replaced_, not by a part of
itself, but by something more remote, something of the nature of an
allusion; and, secondly, the _accent_ may be transferred from an
important element to another which is unimportant, so that the centre of
the dream is shifted as it were, giving the dream a foreign appearance.
Substitution by allusion is familiar to us in our waking thoughts also,
but with a difference; for it is essential in the latter that the
allusion should be easily comprehensible, and that the content of the
substitute should be associated to that of the thought proper. Allusion
is also frequently employed in wit, where the condition of association
in content is dispensed with and replaced by unfamiliar external
associations, such as similarity of sound, ambiguity of meaning, etc.
The condition of comprehensibility, however, is observed: the joke would
lose all its point if we could not recognize without any effort what is
the actual thing to which the allusion is made. But in dreams allusion
by displacement is unrestricted by either limitation. It is connected
most superficially and most remotely with the element for which it
stands, and for that reason is not readily comprehensible; and, when the
connection is traced, the interpretation gives the impression of an
unsuccessful joke or of a “forced,” far-fetched and “dragged in”
explanation. The object of the dream-censorship is only attained when it
has succeeded in making it impossible to trace the thought proper back
from the allusion.
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