Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis : $b a course of twenty-eight lectures delivered at the University of ViennaFreud, Sigmund
Science
Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis : $b a course of twenty-eight lectures delivered at the University of Vienna
Freud, Sigmund
Psychoanalysis
However, I hope I am not mistaken in thinking that in the course of our
examination of the above examples an impression has formed itself in us
which may be of a kind to repay further attention. We were considering
the general conditions under which slips of the tongue occur and then
the influences which determine the kind of distortion effected in the
slip, but so far we have not examined at all the result of the slip
itself, as an object of interest without regard to its origin. If we
bring ourselves to do this we shall in the end have to assert
courageously that in some of the examples the slip itself makes sense.
Now what does it mean when we say “it makes sense”? Well, it means that
the result of the slip may perhaps have a right to be regarded in itself
as a valid mental process following out its own purpose, and as an
expression having content and meaning. Hitherto we have only spoken of
errors, but now it appears as if the error could sometimes be quite a
proper act, except that it has intruded itself in the place of one more
expected or intended.
In certain cases the sense belonging to the slip itself appears obvious
and unmistakable. When the President in his opening speech closes the
session of Parliament, a knowledge of the circumstances under which the
slip was made inclines us to see a meaning in it. He expects no good
result from the session and would be glad to be able to disperse
forthwith; there is no difficulty in discovering the meaning, or
interpreting the sense, of this slip. Or when a lady, appearing to
compliment another, says: “I am sure _you_ must have _thrown_ this
delightful hat together” instead of “sewn it together” (_aufgepatzt_
instead of _aufgeputzt_), no scientific theories in the world can
prevent us from seeing in her slip the thought that the hat is an
amateur production. Or when a lady who is well known for her determined
character says: “My husband asked his doctor what sort of diet ought to
be provided for him. But the doctor said he needed no special diet, he
could eat and drink whatever _I_ choose,” the slip appears clearly as
the unmistakable expression of a consistent scheme.
Now supposing it should turn out that not only a few cases of slips of
the tongue and errors in general, but the great majority of them, have a
meaning, then the meaning of the error, to which we have hitherto paid
no attention, would become the point of greatest interest to us and
would justifiably drive all other points of view into the background.
All physiological and psycho-physiological conditions could then be
ignored and attention could be devoted to the purely psychological
investigation of the _sense_, that is, the meaning, the intention, in
the errors. With this in view, therefore, we shall soon consider further
material.
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