Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis : $b a course of twenty-eight lectures delivered at the University of ViennaFreud, Sigmund
Science
Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis : $b a course of twenty-eight lectures delivered at the University of Vienna
Freud, Sigmund
Psychoanalysis
Well, we seem to have solved the riddle of errors with comparatively
little trouble! They are not accidents; they are serious mental acts;
they have their meaning; they arise through the concurrence—perhaps
better, the mutual interference—of two different intentions. But now I
can well understand that you want to overwhelm me with a flood of
questions and doubts, which must be answered and resolved before we can
enjoy this first result of our efforts. I certainly do not want to press
any hasty conclusions upon you. Let us coolly consider everything in
turn.
What would you like to say? Whether I think that this explanation
accounts for all cases of slips of the tongue or only for a certain
number? Whether this conception can be extended to the many other types
of errors, to misreading, slips of the pen, forgetting, wrongly
performed actions, mislaying things and so on? What part the factors of
fatigue, excitement, absent-mindedness and distraction of attention play
in regard to the mental nature of errors? Besides this, it is clearly
seen that of the two competing meanings in the slip one is always
manifest, but not always the other. How is one to arrive at the latter?
And if one believes that one has guessed it, how is one to find proof
that this is not merely a probability but the only true meaning? Is
there anything else you wish to ask? If not, then I myself will
continue. I will remind you that we are not really greatly concerned
with errors in themselves, but that we wished to learn from a study of
them something of value from the point of view of psycho-analysis.
Therefore I will put this question: What sort of purposes or tendencies
are these which thus interfere with other intentions, and what is the
relation between the interfering tendency and the other? Thus, as soon
as we have found the answer to the riddle, our efforts begin again.
Very well then; is this the explanation of all cases of slips of the
tongue? I am very much inclined to think so, and for this reason,
because whenever one examines an instance of it this type of solution
may be found. Still, one cannot prove that a slip of the tongue cannot
come to pass without the agency of this mechanism. It may be so: for our
purposes it is a matter of indifference, theoretically; for the
conclusions which we wish to draw by way of an introduction to
psycho-analysis remain valid, even if only a small proportion of the
total incidence of slips of the tongue comes under our explanation, and
this is certainly not so. The next question, whether this explanation
extends to other forms of errors, may be answered by way of anticipation
in the affirmative. You can convince yourselves of it when we turn to
consider examples of slips of the pen, of wrongly performed acts, and so
on. I propose, however, for technical reasons that we should postpone
doing this until we have investigated the slip of the tongue itself more
thoroughly.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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