Japan, its Position and Physical Features--Zoological Features of Japan--Mammalia--Birds--Birds Common to Great Britain and Japan--Birds Peculiar to Japan--Japan Birds Recurring in Distant Areas--Formosa--Physical Features of Formosa--Animal Life of Formosa--Mammalia--Land Birds Peculiar to Formosa--Formosan Birds Recurring in India or Malaya--Comparison of Faunas of Hainan, Formosa, and Japan--General Remarks on Recent Continental Islands _Pages_ 391-410 {xvii} CHAPTER XIX ANCIENT CONTINENTAL ISLANDS: THE MADAGASCAR GROUP Remarks on Ancient Continental Islands--Physical Features of Madagascar--Biological Features of Madagascar--Mammalia--Reptiles--Relation of Madagascar to Africa--Early History of Africa and Madagascar--Anomalies of Distribution and how to Explain Them--The Birds of Madagascar as Indicating a Supposed Lemurian Continent--Submerged Islands Between Madagascar and India--Concluding Remarks on "Lemuria"--The Mascarene Islands--The Comoro Islands--The Seychelles Archipelago--Birds of the Seychelles--Reptiles and Amphibia--Fresh-water Fishes--Land Shells--Mauritius, Bourbon, and Rodriguez--Birds--Extinct Birds and their Probable Origin--Reptiles--Flora of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands--Curious Relations of Mascarene Plants--Endemic Genera of Mauritius and Seychelles--Fragmentary Character of the Mascarene Flora--Flora of Madagascar Allied to that of South Africa--Preponderance of Ferns in the Mascarene Flora--Concluding Remarks on the Madagascar Group _Pages_ 411-449 CHAPTER XX ANOMALOUS ISLANDS: CELEBES Anomalous Relations of Celebes--Physical Features of the Island--Zoological Character of the Islands Around Celebes--The Malayan and Australian Banks--Zoology of Celebes: Mammalia--Probable Derivation of the Mammals of Celebes--Birds of Celebes--Bird-types Peculiar to Celebes--Celebes not Strictly a Continental Island--Peculiarities of the Insects of Celebes--Himalayan Types of Birds and Butterflies in Celebes--Peculiarities of Shape and Colour of Celebesian Butterflies--Concluding Remarks--Appendix on the Birds of Celebes _Pages_ 450-470 CHAPTER XXI ANOMALOUS ISLANDS: NEW ZEALAND Position and Physical Features of New Zealand--Zoological Character of New Zealand--Mammalia--Wingless Birds Living and Extinct--Recent Existence of the Moa--Past Changes of New Zealand deduced from its Wingless Birds--Birds and Reptiles of New Zealand--Conclusions from the Peculiarities of the New Zealand Fauna _Pages_ 471-486 {xviii} CHAPTER XXII THE FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND: ITS AFFINITIES AND PROBABLE ORIGIN