The History _of_ Nations JAPAN [Illustration: Emblem] GHENT EDITION [Illustration: THE JAPANESE AND RUSSIAN COMMANDERS OF THE LATE WAR IN THE PENINSULA OF LIAO-TUNG, MANCHURIA] GENERAL NODZU _Opposed to General Bilderding at the Battle of Mukden_ GENERAL BARON KUROKI _Commander-in-Chief of the First Japanese Army_ GENERAL KUROPATKIN _Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in the Far East_ GENERAL LIGNIEVITCH _Successor to General Kuropatkin_ GENERAL NOGI _Japanese Commander before Port Arthur_ GENERAL OKU _Opposed to General Kaulbars at the Battle of Mukden_ MARSHAL OYAMA _Commander of the Japanese Field Forces. Victor at Liao-yang, Sha-ho and Mukden_ _From drawings made by H. W. Koekkoek from photographs_ THE HISTORY OF NATIONS HENRY CABOT LODGE, Ph. D., LL. D. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF JAPAN From the Japanese Government History Edited With Supplementary Chapters by K. ASAKAWA Instructor in Japanese Civilization Yale University Volume VII [Illustration: Emblem] Illustrated P · F · COLLIER & SON PUBLISHERS NEW YORK Copyright, 1907, by JOHN D. MORRIS & COMPANY Copyright, 1910, by THE H. W. SNOW & SON COMPANY Copyright, 1913, by P. F. COLLIER & SON Designed, Printed, and Bound at The Collier Press, New York THE HISTORY OF NATIONS EDITOR-IN-CHIEF HENRY CABOT LODGE, Ph.D., LL.D. Associate Editors and Authors ARCHIBALD HENRY SAYCE, LL.D., _Professor of Assyriology, Oxford University_ CHRISTOPHER JOHNSTON, M.D., Ph.D., _Associate Professor of Oriental History and Archaeology, Johns Hopkins University_ C.W.C. OMAN, LL.D., _Professor of History, Oxford University_ THEODOR MOMMSEN, _Late Professor of Ancient History, University of Berlin_ ARTHUR C. HOWLAND, Ph.D., _Department of History, University of Pennsylvania_ CHARLES MERIVALE, LL.D., _Late Dean of Ely, formerly Lecturer in History, Cambridge University_ J. HIGGINSON CABOT, Ph.D., _Department of History, Wellesley College_ SIR WILLIAM W. HUNTER, F.R.S., _Late Director-General of Statistics in India_ GEORGE M. DUTCHER, Ph.D., _Professor of History, Wesleyan University_ SIR ROBERT K. DOUGLAS, _Professor of Chinese, King's College, London_ JEREMIAH WHIPPLE JENKS, Ph.D., LL.D., _Professor of Political Economy and Politics, Cornell University_ KANICHI ASAKAWA, Ph.D., _Instructor in the History of Japanese Civilization, Yale University_ WILFRED HAROLD MUNRO, L.H.D. _Professor of European History, Brown University_ G. MERCER ADAM, _Historian and Editor_ FRED MORROW FLING, Ph.D., _Professor of European History, University of Nebraska_ FRANÇOIS AUGUSTE MARIE MIGNET, _Late Member of the French Academy_ JAMES WESTFALL THOMPSON, Ph.D., _Department of History, University of Chicago_