SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, LL.D., _Professor of Modern History, King's College, London_ P.W. JOYCE, LL.D., _Commissioner for the Publication of the Ancient Laws of Ireland_ JUSTIN McCARTHY, LL.D., _Author and Historian_ AUGUSTUS HUNT SHEARER, Ph.D., _Instructor in History, Trinity College, Hartford_ W. HAROLD CLAFLIN, B.A., _Department of History, Harvard University_ CHARLES DANDLIKER, LL.D., _President of Zurich University_ ELBERT JAY BENTON, Ph.D., _Department of History, Western Reserve University_ SIR EDWARD S. CREASY, _Late Professor of History, University College, London_ ARCHIBALD CARY COOLIDGE, Ph.D., _Assistant Professor of History, Harvard University_ WILLIAM RICHARD MORFILL, M.A., _Professor of Russian and other Slavonic Languages, Oxford University_ CHARLES EDMUND FRYER, Ph.D., _Department of History, McGill University_ E.C. OTTE, _Specialist on Scandinavian History_ EDWARD S. CORWIN, Ph.D., _Instructor in History, Princeton University_ PAUL LOUIS LEGER, _Professor of Slav Languages, Collège de France_ WILLIAM E. LINGELBACH, Ph.D., _Assistant Professor of European History, University of Pennsylvania_ BAYARD TAYLOR, _Former United States Minister to Germany_ SIDNEY B. FAY, Ph.D., _Professor of History, Dartmouth College_ J. SCOTT KELTIE, LL.D., _President Royal Geographical Society_ ALBERT GALLOWAY KELLER, Ph.D., _Assistant Professor of the Science of Society, Yale University_ EDWARD JAMES PAYNE, M.A., _Fellow of University College, Oxford_ PHILIP PATTERSON WELLS, Ph.D., _Lecturer in History and Librarian of the Law School, Yale University_ FREDERICK ALBION OBER, _Historian, Author and Traveler_ JAMES WILFORD GARNER, Ph.D., _Professor of Political Science, University of Illinois_ JOHN BACH McMASTER, Litt.D., LL.D., _Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania_ JAMES LAMONT PERKINS, Managing Editor * * * * * The editors and publishers desire to express their appreciation for valuable advice and suggestions received from the following: Hon. Andrew D. White, LL.D., Alfred Thayer Mahan, D.C.L., LL.D., Hon. Charles Emory Smith, LL.D., Professor Edward Gaylord Bourne, Ph.D., Charles F. Thwing, LL.D., Dr. Emil Reich, William Elliot Griffis, LL.D., Professor John Martin Vincent, Ph.D., LL.D., Melvil Dewey, LL.D., Alston Ellis, LL.D., Professor Charles H. McCarthy, Ph.D., Professor Herman V. Ames, Ph.D., Professor Walter L. Fleming, Ph.D., Professor David Y. Thomas, Ph.D., Mr. Otto Reich and Mr. Francis J. Reynolds. NOTE The editors of "The History of Nations" concluded their work with the chronicling of events to October, 1905, and all additions thereafter, bringing the histories to date, have been supplied by the publishers. PREFACE