Transcriber's note: Italic text has been marked with _underscores_. Please see the end of this book for further notes. THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES. VOLUME XLIX. THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES. JELLY-FISH, STAR-FISH AND SEA-URCHINS BEING _A RESEARCH ON PRIMITIVE NERVOUS SYSTEMS_ BY G. J. ROMANES, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. ZOÖLOGICAL SECRETARY OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY NEW YORK D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 72 FIFTH AVENUE 1898 PREFACE. When I first accepted the invitation of the editors of the International Scientific Series to supply a book upon Primitive Nervous Systems, I intended to have supplemented the description of my own work on the physiology of the _Medusæ_ and _Echinodermata_ with a tolerably full exposition of the results which have been obtained by other inquirers concerning the morphology and development of these animals. But it soon became apparent that it would be impossible, within the limits assigned to me, to do justice to the more important investigations upon these matters; and therefore I eventually decided upon restricting this essay to an account of my own researches. With the exception of a few woodcuts in the last chapter (for the loan of which I am indebted to the kindness of Messrs. Cassell), all the illustrations are either original or copies of those in my Royal Society papers. In the letter-press also I have not scrupled to draw upon these papers, wherever it seemed to me that the passages would be sufficiently intelligible to a general reader. I may observe, however, that although I have throughout kept in view the requirements of a general reader, I have also sought to render the book of service to the working physiologist, by bringing together in one consecutive account all the more important observations and results which have been yielded by this research. G. J. R. LONDON, 1884. CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 I. STRUCTURE OF THE MEDUSÆ 10 II. FUNDAMENTAL EXPERIMENTS 26 III. EXPERIMENTS IN STIMULATION 37 IV. EXPERIMENTS IN SECTION OF COVERED-EYED MEDUSÆ 65 V. EXPERIMENTS IN SECTION OF NAKED-EYED MEDUSÆ 104 VI. CO-ORDINATION 130 VII. NATURAL RHYTHM 146 VIII. ARTIFICIAL RHYTHM 175 IX. POISONS 213 X. STAR-FISH AND SEA-URCHINS 254 JELLY-FISH, STAR-FISH, AND SEA-URCHINS. INTRODUCTION.