By 1819 John Farey had observed quite accurately that, in England at least, many other schemes had been tried and found wanting and that "no methods have been found so good as the original engine; and we accordingly find, that all the most established and experienced manufacturers make engines which are not altered in any great feature from Mr. Watt's original engine...."[26] [Footnote 26: In Rees, _op. cit._ (footnote 21), vol. 34 ("Steam Engine"). John Farey was the writer of this article (see Farey, _op. cit._, p. vi).] Two mechanisms for producing a straight line were introduced before the Boulton and Watt monopoly ended in 1800. Perhaps the first was by Edmund Cartwright (1743-1823), who is said to have had the original idea for a power loom. This geared device (fig. 12), was characterized patronizingly by a contemporary American editor as possessing "as much merit as can possibly be attributed to a gentleman engaged in the pursuit of mechanical studies for his own amusement."[27] Only a few small engines were made under the patent.[28] [Footnote 27: _Emporium of Arts and Sciences_, December 1813, new ser., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 81.] [Footnote 28: Farey, _op. cit._ (footnote 6), p. 666.] [Illustration: Figure 12.--Cartwright's geared straight-line mechanism of about 1800. From Abraham Rees, _The Cyclopaedia_ (London, 1819, "Steam Engine," pl. 5).] The properties of a hypocycloid were recognized by James White, an English engineer, in his geared design which employed a pivot located on the pitch circle of a spur gear revolving inside an internal gear. The diameter of the pitch circle of the spur gear was one-half that of the internal gear, with the result that the pivot, to which the piston rod was connected, traced out a diameter of the large pitch circle (fig. 13). White in 1801 received from Napoleon Bonaparte a medal for this invention when it was exhibited at an industrial exposition in Paris.[29] Some steam engines employing White's mechanism were built, but without conspicuous commercial success. White himself rather agreed that while his invention was "allowed to possess curious properties, and to be a _pretty_ thing, opinions do not all concur in declaring it, essentially and generally, a _good_ thing."[30] [Footnote 29: H. W. Dickinson, "James White and His 'New Century of Inventions,'" _Transactions of the Newcomen Society_, 1949-1951, vol. 27, pp. 175-179.] [Footnote 30: James White, _A New Century of Inventions_, Manchester, 1822, pp. 30-31, 338. A hypocycloidal engine used in Stourbridge, England, is in the Henry Ford Museum.] [Illustration: Figure 13.--James White's hypocycloidal straight-line mechanism, about 1800. The fly-weights (at the ends of the diagonal arm) functioned as a flywheel. From James White, _A New Century of Inventions_ (Manchester, 1822, pl. 7).]