During the upsurge of the Lyceum--or working-man's institute--movement in the 1820's, Jacob Bigelow, Rumford professor of applied science at Harvard University, gave his popular lectures on the "Elements of Technology" before capacity audiences in Boston. In preparing his lecture on the elements of machinery, Bigelow used as his authorities Hachette, Lanz and Bétancourt, and Olinthus Gregory's mechanical dictionary, an English work in which Hachette's classification scheme was copied and his chart reproduced.[91] [Footnote 91: Jacob Bigelow, _Elements of Technology_, ed. 2, Boston, 1831, pp. 231-256; Olinthus Gregory, _A Treatise of Mechanics_, 3 vols., ed. 3, London, 1815.] A translation of the work of Lanz and Bétancourt[92] under the title _Analytical Essay on the Construction of Machines_, was published about 1820 at London by Rudolph Ackermann (for whom the Ackermann steering linkage was named), and their synoptic chart was reprinted again in 1822 in Durham.[93] In the United States, _Appleton's Dictionary of Machines_[94] (1851) adopted the same system and used the same figures. Apparently the wood engraver traced directly onto his block the figures from one of the reprints of Lanz and Bétancourt's chart because the figures are in every case exact mirror images of the originals. [Footnote 92: Rudolph Ackermann, _Analytical Essay on the Construction of Machines_, London, about 1820, a translation of Lanz and Bétancourt, _op. cit._ (footnote 64).] [Footnote 93: Thomas Fenwick, _Essays on Practical Mechanics_, ed. 3, Durham, England, 1822.] [Footnote 94: _Appleton's Dictionary of Machines, Mechanics, Engine-Work, and Engineering_, 2 vols., New York, 1851 ("Motion").] In the _Dictionary of Engineering_[95] (London, 1873), the figures were redrawn and dozens of mechanisms were added to the repertory of mechanical motions; the result was a fair catalog of sound ideas. The ferryboat still tugged at its anchor cable, however.[96] _Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary_,[97] a classic of detailed pictorial information compiled by a U.S. patent examiner, contained well over 10,000 finely detailed figures of various kinds of mechanical contrivances. Knight did not have a separate section on mechanisms, but there was little need for one of the Hachette variety, because his whole dictionary was a huge and fascinating compendium of ideas to be filed away in the synthetic mind. One reason for the popularity and usefulness of the various pictorial works was the peculiar ability of a wood or steel engraving to convey precise mechanical information, an advantage not possessed by modern halftone processes. [Footnote 95: E. F. and N. Spon, _Dictionary of Engineering_, London 1873, pp. 2421-2452.] [Footnote 96: _Ibid._, p. 2447.] [Footnote 97: Edward H. Knight, _Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary_, 3 vols., New York 1874-1876.]