[74] William of Newburgh, the severest of all Geoffrey’s critics, writing about 1190, suggests that either this, or his own “love of lying,” was the motive of the work. “It is manifest that everything which this person wrote about Arthur and his successors, and his predecessors after Vortigern, was made up partly by himself and partly by others, whether from an inordinate love of lying or for the sake of pleasing the Britons.” William also held that Geoffrey’s account of events before the time of Julius Cæsar was either invented by himself, or “adopted after it had been invented by others.” [75] Jusserand, _Lit. Hist. of the English People_, Vol. I. p. 131. [76] One MS of the _History_, preserved at Bern, contains a double dedication addressed to both Robert, and King Stephen. I have given some account of this MS, and of its bearing upon the date and character of the _History_, in a paper on Geoffrey published in the _Transactions of the Cymmrodorion Society_ (London, 1899). [77] Where, apart from “the British book,” Geoffrey derived the name and history of Uther, still remains an unsolved problem. It is worth noting, however, that “Uther Pendragon” is mentioned in a poem in _The Black Book of Carmarthen_ noticed in the previous chapter (see p. 42). [78] Dubricius, or Dyfrig, is a well-known early Welsh saint, but the archbishopric of the City of Legions is entirely a creation of Geoffrey’s fancy. [79] I have italicised the words “noble Roman family” here, because this “Roman” descent of Guinevere would seem not to have been derived from a Welsh source. In the Triads we read of a Guinevere who is described as “the daughter of Ogrvan the Giant” (see _ante_, p. 53). She is, apparently, the one among “the three Guineveres” who is best known to Welsh tradition as the wife of Arthur. She is mentioned both in a poem by the famous Welsh poet of the fourteenth century, Dafydd ap Gwilym--referring to her adventure with Melwas--and in an old Welsh rhyme, which gives her a somewhat disreputable character (see Rhys, _Arthurian Legend_, Chap. III.). [80] It is interesting to note, incidentally, that after the “solemnity” at Caerleon, Dubricius is reported to have resigned his archbishopric, and “David, _the King’s uncle_, was consecrated in his place, whose life was an ensample of all goodness unto them whom he had instructed in his doctrine.” [81] This statement appears to indicate quite explicitly that Geoffrey was indebted to Walter for oral information as well as for the British book. [82] The best-known account of the affair is given by Giraldus Cambrensis (_De Principis Instructione_, viii. 126-9). [83] There are, for example, thirty-five in the British Museum and sixteen in the Bodleian. [84] No copies of Gaimar’s version are known to exist, but his rhymed chronicle of Anglo-Saxon and Norman kings has been edited and translated by Duffus Hardy in the Rolls Series. [85] _Polyolbion_, Song x.