of their exploitation—explains much of the work-shyness and “ca-canny” of to-day, there are other reasons. One is the extent to which work is subdivided in modern factory organization. In an engineering shop, a job done thirty or forty years ago by a skilled man on a general purpose machine is now subdivided into a large number of constituent operations. These will be performed by different workers on different semi-automatic machines, and the finished part will be assembled by another set of workers into the final product. In the old days the tradesman saw the finished article gradually taking shape under his creative craftsmanship; to-day no worker sees anything but the single operation which he performs. As a result, there is little to minister to the instincts of a craftsman. The workman employed on such repetition work becomes quickly apathetic, his interest relaxes, his inventiveness atrophies, his initiative dies, he degenerates into a cog, and, being human, into an inefficient cog, in the vast mechanism of industry. These methods of mass production are quite inevitable in modern efficient practice, and the only antidote is to encourage the workers to acquire a wider interest in industry, and in the prosperity of the works in which they are employed, and to cultivate a spirit of culture so that their minds may be filled with other things which satisfy their human aspirations, and replace the noble satisfaction which a tradesman used to feel as the creation of his handicraft grew beneath his skill. Suspicion of Employers