PERU: GENERAL CASTILLA--MANUEL PARDO--PIEROLA The political work of General Castilla--Domestic peace--The deposits of guano and saltpetre--Manuel Pardo, founder of the anti-military party--The last _caudillo_--Pierola: his reforms. CHAPTER III BOLIVIA: SANTA-CRUZ Santa-Cruz and the Confederation of Peru and Bolivia--The tyrants Belzu, Molgarejo--The last _caudillos_: Pando, Montes. CHAPTER IV URUGUAY: LAVALLEJA--RIVERA--THE NEW _CAUDILLOS_ The factions: Reds and Whites--The leaders: Artigas, Lavalleja, Rivera--The modern period. CHAPTER V THE ARGENTINE: RIVADAVIA--QUIROGA--ROSAS Anarchy in 1820--The _caudillos_: their part in the formation of nationality--A Girondist, Rivadavia--The despotism of Rosas--Its duration and its essential aspects. {21} BOOK III CHAPTER I MEXICO: THE TWO EMPIRES--THE DICTATORS The Emperor Iturbide--The conflicts between Federals and Unitarians--The Reformation--The foreign Emperor--The dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz--Material progress and servitude--The Yankee influence. CHAPTER II CHILI: A REPUBLIC OF THE ANGLO-SAXON TYPE Portales and the oligarchy--The ten-years' Presidency--Montt and his influence--Balmaceda the reformer. CHAPTER III BRAZIL: THE EMPIRE--THE REPUBLIC The influence of the Imperial _régime_--A transatlantic Marcus Aurelius--Dom Pedro II.--The Federal Republic. CHAPTER IV PARAGUAY: PERPETUAL DICTATORSHIP Dr. Francia--The opinion of Carlyle--The two Lopez--Tyranny and the military spirit in Paraguay. BOOK IV CHAPTER I COLOMBIA Conservatives and Radicals--General Mosquera: his influence--A statesman: Raphael Nuñez, his doctrines political. {22} CHAPTER II ECUADOR Religious conflicts--General Flores and his political labours--Garcia Moreno--The Republic of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. CHAPTER III THE ANARCHY OF THE TROPICS--CENTRAL AMERICA--HAYTI--SAN-DOMINGO Tyrannies and revolutions--The action of climate and miscegenation--A republic of negroes: Hayti. BOOK V CHAPTER I POLITICAL IDEOLOGY Conservatives and Liberals -- Lastarria -- Bilbao -- Echeverria -- Montalvo -- Vigil -- The Revolution of 1848 and its influence in America--English ideas: Bello, Alberdi--The educationists. CHAPTER II THE LITERATURE OF THE YOUNG DEMOCRACIES Spanish classicism and French romanticism--Their influence in America--Modernism--The work of Ruben Dario--The novel--The _conte_ or short story. CHAPTER III THE EVOLUTION OF PHILOSOPHY Bello--Hostos--The influence of England--Positivism--The influence of Spencer and Fouillée---The sociologists {23} BOOK VI CHAPTER I ARE THE IBERO-AMERICANS OF LATIN RACE? Spanish and Portuguese heredity--Latin culture--The influence of the Roman laws, of Catholicism, and of French thought--The Latin spirit in America: its qualities and defects. CHAPTER II THE GERMAN PERIL German Imperialism and the Monroe doctrine--Das Deutschtum and Southern Brazil--What the Brazilians think about it. CHAPTER III THE NORTH AMERICAN PERIL