A more serious competitor will be, however, the Savelsberg process, which appears to do all that the Huntington-Heberlein process does, without the preliminary roasting. Indeed, if the latter be omitted (together with its estimated expense of 63c. per ton of charge, or 79c. per ton of ore), all that has been said in this paper as to the Huntington-Heberlein process may be construed as applying to the Savelsberg. The charge is prepared in the same way, the method of operating the converters is the same, and the results of the reactions in the converters are the same. The litigation which is pending between the two interests, Messrs. Huntington and Heberlein claiming that Savelsberg infringes their patents, will be, however, a deterrent to the extension of the Savelsberg process until that matter be settled. The Carmichael-Bradford process may be dismissed with a few words. It is similar to the Savelsberg, except that gypsum is used instead of limestone. It is somewhat more expensive because the gypsum has to be ground and calcined. The process works efficiently at Broken Hill, but it can hardly be of general application, because gypsum is likely to be too expensive, except in a few favored localities. The ability to utilize the converter gases for the manufacture of sulphuric acid will cut no great figure, save in exceptional cases, as at Broken Hill, and anyway the gases of the other processes can be utilized for the same purpose, which is in fact being done in connection with the Huntington-Heberlein process in Silesia. The cost of desulphurizing a ton of galena concentrate by the Carmichael-Bradford process is estimated by the company controlling the patents as follows, labor being reckoned at $1.80 per eight hours, gypsum at $2.40 per 2240 lb., and coal at $8.40 per 2240 lb.: 0.25 ton of gypsum $0.60 Dehydrating and granulating gypsum .48 Drying mixture of ore and gypsum .12 Converting 0.24 Spalling sintered material .12 0.01 ton coal .08 ——-——- Total $1.64 The value of the lime in the sintered product is credited at 12c., making the net cost $1.52 per 2240 lb. of ore. The cost allowed for converting may be explained by the more rapid action that appears to be attained with the ores of Broken Hill than with some ores that are treated in North America, but the low figure estimated for spalling the sintered material appears to be highly doubtful. The theory of the lime-roasting processes is not yet well established. It is recognized that the explanation offered by Huntington and Heberlein in their original patent specification is erroneous. There is no good evidence in their process, or any other, of the formation of the higher oxide of lime, which they suggest.