The same quantity of ore was put through each of these furnaces, the increase in hearth area being practically of no useful effect, because of inability to attain the requisite temperature in all parts of the larger hearths with the method of heating employed. The men objected especially to a furnace with hearth 13 ft. wide, which it was found difficult to keep in proper condition, and also difficult to handle efficiently. Even the width of 11 ft. was considered too great, and preference was expressed for a 10 ft. width. In this connection, it may be noted that the old furnaces at Tarnowitz were 11 ft. 9 in. long and 10 ft. 10 in. wide, while the new furnaces were 16 ft. long and 8 ft. 10 in. wide (Hofman, “Metallurgy of Lead,” fifth edition, p. 112). All of these dimensions were exceeded at Desloge. The Flintshire furnaces at Desloge had three working doors per side; the others had four, but only three per side were used, the doors nearest the throat end being kept closed because of insufficient temperature in that part of the furnace. The furnace with hearth 11 × 14 ft. had a grate area of 6.5 × 3 ft. = 19.5 sq. ft.; the 11 × 16 furnaces had grates 8 × 3 = 24 ft. sq. The ratios of grate to hearth area were therefore approximately 1:8 and 1:7.3, respectively. (Compare with ratio of 1:10 at Tarnowitz, and 1:6⅔ at Stiperstones.) The ash pits were open from behind in the customary English fashion. The grate bars were cast iron, 36 in. long. The bars were 1 in. thick at the top, with ⅝ in. spaces between them. The open spaces were 32 in. long, including the rib in the middle. The bars were 4 in. deep at the middle and 2 in. at the ends. The distance from the surface of the grate bars to the fire-door varied in the different furnaces. Some of those with hearths 11 × 16 ft. and grates 8 × 3 ft. had the bars 6 in. below the fire-door; in others the bars were almost on a level with the fire-door. The furnaces were run with a comparatively thin bed of coal on the grate, and combustion was very imperfect, the percentage of unburned carbon in the ash being commonly high. This was unavoidable with the method of firing employed and the inferior character of the coal (southern Illinois). The excessive consumption of coal was due largely, however, to the practice of raking out the entire bed of coal at the beginning of the operation of “firing down” (beginning the reaction period), when a fresh fire was built with cordwood and large lumps of coal.