_Venetia_, and 11. _Regio transpadana_, from the Lago di Garda to the Alps. If we were to understand the later division into provinces according to this scheme, we should misplace Liguria, for example, entirely, for that country contained nothing of what had previously been comprised under the same name. This later division, as I said before, was made in the third century, probably in the reign of Severus. Paulus Diaconus furnishes the best ground-work of this division, although he is very confused, not enumerating the regions in any definite order. The fifteen regions, according to his statement, are:—1. _Venetia et Histria_, as far as the Benacus or Lago di Garda. 2. _Liguria_, the same country which was formerly called Transpadana, from the Lago di Garda to the foot of the Swiss Alps near mount St. Bernard; it was, therefore, on the north of the Po, and only a small corner of it belonged to ancient Liguria. In this sense we find the name used in the Codex Theodosianus and in Procopius. Two _limites_ above Italy were then regarded as parts of Italy, which in the time of Augustus did not yet belong to it, viz., 3. _Raetia prima_, and 4. _Raetia secunda_; but their boundaries are not mentioned anywhere. 5. _Alpis Cottia_, or _Alpes Cottiae_, the ancient Liguria proper as far as the frontiers of Tuscia; the name is transferred from the Cottian Alps in the neighbourhood of mount Cenis and Susa to the whole of ancient Liguria. 6. _Tuscia et Umbria_ (in the official style, for otherwise people then wrote Thuscia). Thuscia is Tuscany, and the part of Umbria, which was then called Umbria in a narrower sense, embraced Assisi, Spello, Foligno, etc. 7. _Campania Aurelia._ Campania comprises the whole region which Augustus called _Latium et Campania_, extending from the Tiber to the Silarus. Hence the modern name of _Campagna di Roma_, of which traces occur even in the writers of the western empire, as in the expressions, _Campania Romana_, _Campania Romae_; in Servius we read: _Gabii quondam oppidum Campaniae_, but this passage occurs in one of those books (from the end of the fourth to the beginning of the twelfth), of which it can be proved, that their present form belongs to a much later time; the substance was composed in the fourth century, but the form probably arose in the eighth century in the grammatical school of Ravenna.