These provinces must be remembered in order to understand the history; if a person does not know them, he cannot understand the new and differently used names in Procopius and others. The names Aemilia, Valeria, Flaminia, and Aurelia, were taken from the roads which bore them; Flaminia is the district which Augustus had left without a name, perhaps the _regio Ariminensis_. The Via Flaminia ran from Rome to Ariminum, and was thence continued under the same name; and Scaurus afterwards continued it as far as Piacenza under the name Aemilia. The Via Valeria led into the interior; its originator is unknown, but it was perhaps Messalla, for in the elegy of Tibullus on him, he is praised for having made roads; earlier writers do not mention this road. Connected with this subject is one of the most pleasing recollections of my life: I had just been reading that elegy, when I was informed that a cross-road had been discovered, unquestionably the same which is described by Tibullus; the part of it which is laid open is preserved as beautifully, as if it had been completed only this year. It is a road running through the midst of Tivoli, and its pavement is so perfectly preserved that the stones have scarcely removed the breadth of a knife’s back from one another; the Romans built for eternity, and succeeded where the destructive hands of barbarians did not interfere. The Aurelia must likewise have been a road, though not a very ancient one, but probably made by M. Aurelius, or else the name of the Via Domitiana was changed, in order to obliterate the hateful recollection. Domitian raised splendid structures, but the hatred with which he was looked upon, transferred many of them to others, as his Forum was transferred to Nerva. If we arrange the before-mentioned fifteen provinces, we first have, in the north of the territory of Rome, _Thuscia_, in the south _Aurelia_, and between them _Valeria_: on the other side, beginning in the south, we have _Lucania et Brittia_, _Samnium_, _Picenus_, and behind Samnium _Apulia et Calabria_; in the north, _Flaminia_, _Aemilia_; then from the sea-coast the _Alpis Cottia_, including Genoa and Piedmont, _Liguria_, _Alpes Penninae_, _Venetia et Istria_, and beyond Italy the two _Raetiae_. The Codex Theodosianus contains an expression which is so peculiar, that even the great Jacobus Gothofredus mistook it; we there read that some laws were promulgated _per Italiam et Alpes_. _Italia_ here does not denote the whole peninsula, but only Lombardy, while _Alpes_ signifies the Cottian and Pennine Alps and the two Raetiae. We shall now take up Italy according to its various countries, beginning with LATIUM,